Cancer Diagnostics Solutions
Lambda detects surface immunoglobulin on normal and neoplastic B-cells. Lambda staining is seen in B-cell follicles of human lymphoid tissue. When studying B-cell neoplasms, the determination of light chain ratios remains the centerpiece. This is sound reasoning because most B-cell Lymphomas express either kappa or lambda light chains, whereas reactive proliferations display a mixture of kappa and lambda-positive cells. If only a single light-chain type is detected, a lymphoproliferative disorder is very likely. Monoclonality is determined by a kappa-lambda ratio greater than or equal to 3:1, a lambda-kappa ratio greater than or equal to 2:1, or a monoclonal population of 75% or more of the total population. In IgG-dominant immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis, there are multiple pathological findings that strongly suggest the diagnosis of Lupus Nephritis including immunofluorescence staining for IgG, IgM, IgA, Kappa or Lambda, C3 and C1
Each immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule is composed of two identical heavy (H) chains and two identical light (L) chains. The light chains exist in two isotypic forms: kappa (?) and lambda (?). During B-cell development, somatic recombination results in the expression of either a functional ? or ? light chain gene, but not both. Immunohistochemical staining for ? light chains selectively labels B lymphocytes and plasma cells expressing ? light chains, encompassing both normal and neoplastic populations. However, non-lymphoid cells may demonstrate nonspecific cytoplasmic uptake of immunoglobulin, leading to apparent ? expression. Each individual B cell is restricted to expressing only one light chain isotype, either ? or ?, a phenomenon known as light chain restriction. Detection of a predominant population of B cells expressing a single light chain type is indicative of monoclonality and is typically associated with a clonal, and often malignant, B-cell proliferation. Simultaneous evaluation of ? and ? light chain expression is a standard approach for assessing clonality in lymph proliferative disorders.
Langerhans cells (LCs) are a subset of immature dendritic cells (DCs) that specifically localize in the epidermis and other mucosal epithelia. Epidermal LCs possess strong immuno-stimulatory capacity and play a central role in the initiation and regulation of immune responses.
Langerin (CD207) is a type II transmembrane C-type lectin receptor specifically expressed by Langerhans cells, a subset of immature dendritic cells residing in the epidermis and mucosal epithelium. These cells play a pivotal role in the initiation of innate and adaptive immune responses against cutaneous antigens. Langerhans cell?derived neoplasms are broadly categorized into Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) and Langerhans cell sarcoma (LCS). LCS represents a rare, high-grade malignant variant of LCH characterized by overt cytologic atypia and aggressive clinical behavior. Accurate differentiation between LCH, LCS, and other histiocytic or dendritic cell neoplasms can be challenging due to overlapping morphological and immunophenotypic features. Diagnostic specificity is enhanced by identifying hallmark features of Langerhans cells, including the presence of Birbeck granules on ultrastructural analysis, and expression of surface markers such as CD1a and Langerin (CD207). These markers are essential in confirming Langerhans cell lineage and distinguishing Langerhans cell disorders from non-Langerhans proliferative lesions.
Lymphoid Enhancing Factor 1 (LEF1) is a transcription factor within the TCF/LEF family, functioning as a key downstream effector in the Wnt/?-catenin signaling pathway. LEF1 plays a critical role in lymphoid development, particularly in T-cell differentiation and early B-cell maturation, with expression typically observed in T lymphocytes and pro-B cells, but absent in mature B-cell populations. In the context of hematologic malignancies, LEF1 exhibits strong nuclear expression in the majority of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) cases, while remaining undetectable in other small B-cell lymphomas. This differential expression pattern renders LEF1 a valuable immunohistochemical marker for distinguishing CLL/SLL from other morphologically and immunophenotypically similar small B-cell neoplasms
This gene belongs to the glycoprotein hormone beta subunit family and encodes the beta component of luteinizing hormone (LH), a heterodimeric glycoprotein composed of a common alpha subunit and a hormone-specific beta subunit that determines its biological activity. LH is synthesized and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, where it plays a pivotal role in regulating reproductive function by stimulating steroidogenesis in the gonads promoting spermatogenesis in males and triggering ovulation in females. The loci encoding the beta subunits of LH and chorionic gonadotropin (CG) are located adjacently on chromosome 19q13.3. Pathogenic variants in this gene have been linked to isolated LH deficiency, resulting in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, which may manifest as infertility and disorders of sexual development, including pseudohermaphroditism.