Cancer Diagnostics Solutions
H3K27me3 is a key epigenetic mark catalyzed by the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2), a multi-subunit complex composed of evolutionarily conserved proteins critical for transcriptional repression and chromatin remodeling. EZH2, the catalytic subunit of PRC2, mediates the trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me3). Gain- or loss-of-function mutations in EZH2 have been identified across a spectrum of malignancies, including lymphomas, melanomas, and myelodysplastic syndromes. Activating mutations in EZH2 result in aberrant accumulation of H3K27me3 and subsequent transcriptional silencing of tumor suppressor genes. Conversely, KDM6A and KDM6B, histone demethylases that specifically remove methyl groups from H3K27me3, may harbor inactivating mutations in both solid and hematologic malignancies such as leukemias, lymphomas, melanomas, renal cell carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, and medulloblastoma.
Functionally, H3K27me3 serves as a transcriptional repressor with essential roles in embryonic development and tumorigenesis. Loss of H3K27me3 expression is a characteristic finding in a significant subset of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) and may also be observed in a range of other neoplasms, including meningioma, radiation-associated unclassified sarcoma, radiation-associated angiosarcoma, dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma, melanoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma, among others. Certain tumors exhibit heterogeneous (mosaic) patterns of H3K27me3 expression, reflecting epigenetic variability within the neoplastic cell population.
The Hepatitis B virus has a spherical shape with a diameter of 42 nanometers. Inside, it contains a 27-nanometer partially double-stranded DNA core, which is surrounded by a lipoprotein envelope.
The nucleocapsid core exhibits antigenic properties, known as the Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg).
Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is a glycosylated envelope protein located on the outer surface of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It serves as the earliest serological marker of acute HBV infection, typically detectable within 2 to 6 months post-exposure. HBsAg is present in various body fluids, including blood, saliva, breast milk, sweat, tears, nasopharyngeal secretions, semen, and vaginal secretions of infected individuals. Detection of HBsAg plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis of HBV infection, while the presence of anti-HBs antibodies is indicative of recovery and immunity, either post-infection or following vaccination
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a glycoprotein hormone produced predominantly by syncytiotrophoblastic cells of the placenta, as well as by certain trophoblastic neoplasms. It consists of hormone-specific alpha subunits with an approximate molecular weight of 13 kDa. Expression of hCG is characteristic of hydatidiform moles and choriocarcinomas, as well as the chorionic components of mixed germ cell tumors. Additionally, hCG immunoreactivity may be observed in syncytiotrophoblast-like cells within seminomas, dysgerminomas, and embryonal carcinomas. In diagnostic pathology, hCG serves as a valuable immunohistochemical marker for the subclassification of germ cell tumors and for the detection of extragonadal germ cell neoplasms.
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone with a molecular weight of approximately 40 kDa, synthesized by the trophoblastic cells of the placenta beginning 10 to 12 days post-conception. hCG comprises two non-identical, non-covalently linked polypeptide subunits: an alpha (?) and a beta (?) subunit. The ?-subunit is structurally identical to that of the pituitary glycoprotein hormones?follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). In contrast, the ?-subunit is unique to each hormone and confers biological specificity.
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) antibodies are specialized immunological reagents designed to detect antigens specific to H. pylori, a Gram-negative, helical, flagellated, and microaerophilic bacterium that colonizes the gastric mucosa. This pathogen is implicated in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcers, chronic gastritis, and has a recognized association with gastric malignancies, including adenocarcinoma and MALT lymphoma. H. pylori expresses five major outer membrane protein families, including adhesins and porins, which play roles in host interaction and immune evasion. These antibodies are applicable in various molecular and histological techniques such as Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, and immunohistochemistry. For detailed information regarding antibody specificity, cross-reactivity, conjugation/tags, and clonality, please refer to the supplier's technical documentation
HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2), also known as Neu, ErbB-2, CD340 (cluster of differentiation 340) or p185, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ERBB2 gene.
HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2), also known as Neu, ErbB-2, CD340 (cluster of differentiation 340) or p185, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ERBB2 gene.
HER2 is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ErbB) family. The kinase activity of ErbB2 can be activated without ligand if it is overexpressed, and by association with other ErbB proteins. Overexpression of ErbB2 is detected in almost 40% of human breast cancers.
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1?), encoded by the HIF1A gene, is a transcription factor that exists as part of a heterodimer composed of ? and ? subunits generated from alternative transcripts. HIF-1 serves as a master regulator of cellular adaptation to hypoxic stress, orchestrating the transcriptional activation of genes involved in angiogenesis, anaerobic metabolism, and diverse prosurvival pathways. Immunohistochemical detection of HIF-1? demonstrates widespread expression across multiple malignancies. Elevated HIF-1? expression has been shown to correlate with tumor angiogenesis, disease progression, and clinical outcomes in a spectrum of solid tumors, including breast carcinoma, type I endometrial carcinoma, sarcomas, head and neck neoplasms, and gliomas. Clinically, hypoxia represents an established negative prognostic factor, predicting resistance and poor therapeutic response to radiotherapy in head and neck carcinoma, cervical carcinoma, and soft tissue sarcomas. Accordingly, assessment of HIF-1? expression may provide a valuable tool for evaluating tumor biology and predicting therapeutic responsiveness.
Histone H3 is a highly conserved DNA-binding protein present in the chromatin of all eukaryotic cells. Together with the other core histones, it associates with DNA to form the nucleosome, the fundamental structural unit of chromatin. Histones are integral to the regulation of transcription, DNA replication, DNA repair, and the maintenance of chromosomal integrity. They undergo extensive post-translational modifications that modulate chromatin architecture or facilitate the recruitment of specific regulatory proteins. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 extends from the nucleosome core and serves as a major site for such modifications, including lysine and arginine methylation or acetylation, as well as serine and threonine phosphorylation. These modifications function as critical epigenetic signals influencing diverse cellular processes.
The L1 protein is the principal structural capsid protein of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) type 16, forming the majority of the viral capsid and playing a key role in viral assembly and infectivity. While HPV types 6 and 11 are primarily associated with low-risk, non-malignant lesions, such as condylomata acuminata (genital warts), HPV types 16 and 18 are classified as high-risk oncogenic genotypes and are strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of cervical, vaginal, and vulvar carcinomas
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cervical carcinoma remains a significant global health burden among women, contributing substantially to cancer-related mortality due to delayed diagnosis and poor clinical outcomes. The initiation and progression of HPV-mediated cervical neoplasia are primarily driven by the constitutive expression of two viral oncogenes, E6 and E7, which are critical for cellular transformation and tumorigenesis. The E6 oncoprotein, a polypeptide comprising approximately 150?160 amino acids with a molecular weight of 18 kDa, possesses a distinct structural configuration that underlies its oncogenic potential, including its ability to interact with and degrade tumor suppressor proteins such as p53, thereby promoting uncontrolled cellular proliferation and malignant progression
Clone OCH1E5 is useful in studying hepatocellular tumors. It may be useful in differentiating clear cell hepatocellular carcinomas from other clear cell malignancies. It has been shown in the literature to be useful in differentiating hepatoblastoma of embryonal type from small round cell tumors of childhood. OCH1E5 labels an antigen in the mitochondrial fraction of the liver homogenates
This intronless gene encodes a 70 kDa molecular chaperone belonging to the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) family. Functionally, this protein collaborates with other chaperone proteins to prevent protein aggregation and facilitate the proper folding of nascent polypeptides within the cytosol and intracellular organelles. Additionally, it plays a role in protein quality control and degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, through its interaction with AU-rich element RNA-binding protein 1 (AUF1).
The gene is genomically localized within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class III region and exists in a gene cluster that includes two highly homologous genes encoding structurally and functionally related HSP70 proteins.
The antibody exhibits specificity for Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) antigen and is suitable for the detection of HSV in human specimens obtained from superficial lesions or tissue biopsies. It is also effective for the early identification of HSV in infected cell cultures. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), commonly referred to as cold sore, fever blister, or night fever, is a highly contagious pathogen. There are two primary serotypes of HSV: HSV-1 and HSV-2. HSV-1 predominantly affects the orofacial region, whereas HSV-2 typically establishes latency in the sacral dorsal root ganglia. All herpes viruses share a similar morphology, characterized by a large double-stranded DNA genome enclosed within an icosahedral nucleocapsid, which is further surrounded by a lipid bilayer envelope.
Herpes simplex viruses type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), classified under the Herpesviridae family and also referred to as Human herpesviruses 1 and 2 (HHV-1 and HHV-2), are highly prevalent and readily transmissible pathogens in the human population. HSV-1 is primarily associated with orolabial infections, while HSV-2 is the predominant cause of genital herpes. Transmission occurs through viral shedding, which can take place during both symptomatic and asymptomatic phases of infection. The HSV virion comprises a large linear double-stranded DNA genome enclosed within an icosahedral capsid, surrounded by a tegument layer and enveloped by a host-derived lipid bilayer containing viral glycoproteins. The HSV genome encodes more than 70 open reading frames (ORFs) involved in viral replication, immune evasion, and latency. Emerging evidence has implicated HSV infection, particularly HSV-1, as a potential contributing factor in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, though the exact mechanisms remain under investigation.
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) primarily involves the anogenital region but may also disseminate to involve the skin and visceral organs, including the central nervous system (brain), lungs, liver, adrenal glands, and gastrointestinal tract, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.
Human Epididymis Protein 4 (HE4), also designated as WAP Four-Disulfide Core Domain Protein 2 (WFDC2), is a 25 kDa secreted glycoprotein predominantly expressed in the epididymis, uterus, and tracheal epithelium. Immunohistochemical analyses have demonstrated HE4 localization in bronchiolar, endocervical, endometrial, vas deferens, and mammary gland epithelia, as well as in the distal convoluted tubules of the kidney.
HE4 has been established as a clinically significant serum biomarker for ovarian and endometrial carcinomas. Its overexpression has been correlated with enhanced oncogenic properties, including increased cellular proliferation, invasion, and clonogenic capacity. In 2003, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved HE4 as a serum tumor marker for ovarian cancer. Immunohistochemical studies have consistently shown HE4 expression in all examined ovarian carcinomas (n=36) and endometrioid carcinomas (n=10). More recent investigations have further identified HE4 expression in additional malignancies, including lung adenocarcinoma, gastric carcinoma, and pancreatic carcinoma.