Cancer Diagnostics Solutions
Cadherins are a class of transmembrane proteins. They play an important role in cell adhesion by ensuring cells within tissues are bound together. E-Cadherin is an adhesion protein that is expressed in cells of epithelial lineage. It stains positively in glandular epithelium as well as Adenocarcinomas of the lung and G.I. tract, and ovary.
E-Cadherin has been useful in distinguishing Adenocarcinoma from Mesothelioma. It has also been shown to be positive in some Thyroid Carcinomas. It can be used to differentiate Ductal Carcinomas (positive for E-Cadherin) from Lobular Breast Carcinomas.
This antibody is specific to 60kDa latent membrane protein (LMP-1) encoded by the BNLF1 gene of the EBV. This antibody stains strongly with EBV-positive lymphoblastoid cell lines and EBV infected B cell immunoblasts in infectious mononucleosis.
EBV, also designated human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is a member of the herpesvirus family and is one of the most common human viruses. EBV infects B cells and, though often asymptomatic, it can cause infectious mononucleosis, a disease characterized by fatigue, fever, sore throat and muscle soreness
This antibody is a mixture of four different monoclonal antibodies. This antibody is specific to 60kDa latent membrane protein (LMP-1) encoded by the BNLF1 gene of the EBV. Each clone reacts with different epitopes on the hydrophilic C-terminus of the cytoplasmic domain of LMP-1.
This antibody stains strongly with EBV-positive lymphoblastoid cell lines and EBV infected B cell immunoblasts in infectious mononucleosis. EBV, also designated human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is a member of the herpesvirus family and is one of the most common human viruses. EBV infects B cells and, though often asymptomatic, it can cause infectious mononucleosis, a disease characterized by fatigue, fever, sore throat and muscle soreness.
EGFR is type I receptor tyrosine kinase with sequence homology to erbB-1, -2, -3 -4 or HER-1, -2, -3 -4. It binds to Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Transforming Growth Factora (TGFa), Heparin binding EGF (HB-EGF), amphiregulin, betacellulin and epiregulin.
EGFR is type I receptor tyrosine kinase with sequence homology to erbB-1, -2, -3 -4 or HER-1, -2, -3 -4. It binds to Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Transforming Growth Factora (TGFa), Heparin binding EGF (HB-EGF), amphiregulin, betacellulin and epiregulin.
EGFR is overexpressed in tumors of breast, brain, bladder, lung, gastric, head & neck, esophagus, cervix, vulva, ovary, and endometrium. It is predominantly present in squamous cell carcinomas.
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase belonging to the ErbB/HER family, which also includes ERBB2 (HER2), ERBB3, and ERBB4. It is encoded by the EGFR gene located on chromosome 7p11.2. EGFR is activated upon ligand binding primarily epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-? to its extracellular domain, which induces receptor dimerization and subsequent auto phosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues within the cytoplasmic domain. This phosphorylation event initiates downstream signaling cascades involved in cell proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, and migration. Dysregulation of EGFR, particularly through gene amplification or protein overexpression, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide spectrum of malignancies, including those of the head and neck, brain, lung, bladder, breast, stomach, oesophagus, endometrium, cervix, vulva, and ovary, with a strong association seen in squamous cell carcinomas. EGFR serves as a critical therapeutic target for both monoclonal antibodies and small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer treatment.
Antibodies against DOG1 have been shown to be highly sensitive and specific, demonstrating 98-100% reactivity to GIST. DOG1 staining pattern is cytoplasmic and membranous, staining tumor cells and interstitial cells of Cajal. Its sensitivity was deemed superior to c-Kit in that many cases with PDGFRA mutations that failed to show c-kit reactivity were DOG-1 positive.
Recognizes a 40-43kDa transmembrane epithelial glycoprotein, identified as epithelial specific antigen (ESA), or epithelial cellular adhesion molecule (Ep-CAM). It is expressed on baso-lateral cell surface in most simple epithelia and a vast majority of carcinomas with the exception of adult squamous epithelium, hepatocytes and gastric epithelial cells. This antibody has been used to distinguish adenocarcinoma from pleural mesothelioma and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is also useful in distinguishing serous carcinomas of the ovary from mesothelioma. It has been reported that this epithelial antigen plays an important role as a tumor-cell marker in lymph nodes from patients with esophageal carcinoma otherwise classified as node-negative. Epithelial antigen has also been suggested as a discriminator between basal cell and baso-squamous carcinomas, and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.
Ep-CAM (epithelial cell adhesion molecule), also known as epithelial-specific antigen (ESA), is a 40 kDa transmembrane glycoprotein predominantly expressed in epithelial tissues. It functions as a calcium-independent, homotypic adhesion molecule and exerts regulatory effects on epithelial cell proliferation, differentiation, and metabolism. Ep-CAM promotes rapid induction of proto-oncogene c-myc and cell cycle regulators such as cyclins A and E, thereby influencing cell cycle progression. Adhesions mediated by Ep-CAM negatively modulate cadherin-dependent cell?cell junctions, which can alter epithelial architecture and growth dynamics. Overexpression of Ep-CAM has been associated with increased epithelial cell proliferation and malignant transformation. It is widely expressed in human carcinomas and serves as a diagnostic marker of epithelial lineage tumors. Ep-CAM is localized to the basolateral membrane of most simple epithelia and is expressed across multiple carcinoma subtypes. Importantly, it has been reported to aid in distinguishing adenocarcinomas from malignant pleural mesotheliomas
Estrogen Receptor beta (ER?; NR3A2) is a nuclear receptor protein with an approximate molecular weight of 55 kDa, though multiple isoforms ranging from 36 to 59 kDa have been identified. Human ER? was initially cloned from testicular tissue. Estrogen receptors (ERs) belong to the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent nuclear transcription factors. Upon binding to estrogens, ERs undergo ligand-induced conformational changes that facilitate receptor dimerization and subsequent binding to estrogen response elements (EREs) within target gene promoters. This binding enables the recruitment of transcriptional co-regulators?either coactivators or corepressors?thereby modulating gene expression in a context-dependent manner.
Two distinct isoforms of the estrogen receptor exist, ER? and ER?, encoded by ESR1 and ESR2 genes, respectively. ER? binds estrogens with an affinity comparable to that of ER?, yet certain ER? isoforms can exert dominant-negative effects on ER?-mediated transcription, particularly within reproductive tissues. ER? is broadly expressed across a variety of tissues and has been implicated in tumor-suppressive functions. It plays a significant regulatory role in several pathological conditions, including prostate carcinoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, cardiovascular disease, De Quervain tenosynovitis, and neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder
ERG belongs to the ETS family that plays important roles in cell development, differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis and tissue remodeling. The aberrant expression of several ETS proteins is involved in tumor development and progression. ERG is linked to normal processes such as mesoderm formation. TMPRSS2-ERG fusion, which occurs on account of translocations and interstitial deletions, is implicated in aggressive forms of prostate cancer. ERG antibody overexpression is associated with aggressive tumor behavior and patient survival in prostate cancer. ERG antibody labels endothelial cells, lymphocytes, and prostate cancer cells.
Anti-MOC-31 reacts with a transmembrane glycoprotein present on most glandular epithelium and tumors originating from such epithelium. This antibody has been used to distinguish adenocarcinoma from mesothelioma and hepatocellular carcinoma. This antibody is also useful in distinguishing serous carcinomas of the ovary from mesothelioma.
Estrogen or Oestrogen Receptor is a nuclear protein and member of the steroid hormone receptor family. ER possesses both DNA binding and ligand binding domains and exerts a significant role in activating the transcription of certain genes. Ligand dependent dimerization and phosphorylation both function to regulate the transcriptional activity of ER. ER content of breast cancer tissue is an important parameter in the prediction of prognosis and response to endocrine therapy. This antibody strongly stains the nucleus of epithelial cells in breast carcinomas. The ER is an important regulator of growth and differentiation in the mammary gland.
Estrogen or Oestrogen Receptor-Alpha is a nuclear protein and member of the steroid hormone receptor family. ER-Alpha possesses both DNA binding and ligand binding domains and exerts a significant role in activating the transcription of certain genes.
Ligand dependent dimerization and phosphorylation both function to regulate the transcriptional activity of ER-Alpha