Cancer Diagnostics Solutions
This monoclonal antibody (MAb) specifically targets the kappa light chain of immunoglobulins without cross-reacting with the lambda light chain or any of the five heavy chains. In mammals, the two light chains of an antibody are always identical, consisting of either kappa or lambda chains. Under normal conditions, the kappa-to-lambda ratio is approximately 70:30. However, this balance can be disrupted in cases of multiple myeloma or other B-cell malignancies.
Antibodies against the kappa light chain have been shown to aid in the diagnosis of leukemias, plasmacytomas, and certain types of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Additionally, demonstrating clonality in lymphoid infiltrates is a key indicator of malignancy.
Kappa detects surface immunoglobulin on normal and neoplastic B-cells. In paraffin-embedded tissue, Kappa exhibits strong staining of kappa-positive plasma cells and cells that have absorbed exogenous immunoglobulin. When studying B-cell neoplasms, the determination of light-chain ratios remains the centerpiece. This is sound reasoning because most B-cell Lymphomas express either Kappa or Lambda light chains, whereas reactive proliferations display a mixture of Kappa and Lambda-positive cells. If only a single light-chain type is detected, a lympho-proliferative disorder is very likely. Monoclonality is determined by a Kappa-Lambda ratio greater than or equal to 3:1, a Lambda-Kappa ratio greater than or equal to 2:1, or a monoclonal population of 75% or more of the total population. In IgG-dominant immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis, there are multiple pathological findings that strongly suggest the diagnosis of Lupus Nephritis including immunofluorescence staining for IgG, IgM, IgA, Kappa or Lambda, C3 and C1.
The Ki-67 protein is a nuclear protein doublet, 345-395 kDa, playing a pivotal role in maintaining cell proliferation. In diagnostic histopathology and cell biology, the antibody has proven valuable for the demonstration of the Ki-67 antigen in normal and neoplastic cells, for example in soft-tissue sarcoma, prostatic adenocarcinoma, and breast carcinoma. The Ki-67 has been confirmed as a very powerful single prognostic factor for overall survival, with highly proliferative cases showing a much poorer outcome than tumors with low proliferation. In breast cancer, the proliferative index measured by Ki-67 immunoreactivity has both prognostic and predictive value
Ki-67 is a nuclear protein, which is expressed in proliferating cells. Ki-67 is preferentially expressed during late G1-, S-, M-, and G2-phases of the cell cycle, while cells in the G0 (quiescent) phase are negative for this protein.