Cancer Diagnostics Solutions
Tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 (TAG-72) is an oncofetal mucin-like glycoprotein commonly overexpressed in various epithelial-derived malignancies. It exhibits characteristics consistent with high molecular weight mucins and is associated with tumorigenesis. Approximately 60% of patients with carcinomas demonstrate elevated levels of TAG-72 in their serum, reflecting its potential utility as a tumor-associated biomarker for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic monitoring.
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TdT), also known as terminal transferase, is a unique DNA polymerase expressed in immature lymphoid cells, specifically pre-B and pre-T cells, as well as in cells affected by acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma. Unlike most DNA polymerases, TdT does not require a template to function. It catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of a DNA strand, with a preference for a protruding 3' overhang. However, it is also capable of adding nucleotides to blunt or recessed 3' ends. TdT is typically found in cortical thymocytes and primitive lymphocytes. The TdT antibody detects the enzyme's antigen located in the nucleus of normal hematopoietic cells and cortical thymocytes, as well as in the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. TdT expression is observed in over 90% of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases, except for pre-B-cell ALL and in mature T- or B-lymphocytes. Additionally, TdT is positive in approximately one-third of all chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cases, serving as a useful marker for predicting a better response to chemotherapy.
Transcription factor E3 (TFE3) belongs to the basic helix-loophelix zipper transcription factor family. The TFE3 gene, located on the short arm of the X chromosome, is expressed in various cells of the human body and plays a role in the regulation of numerous genes. Rearrangement of this gene is associated with various tumors and is highly expressed in conditions such as acinar soft tissue sarcoma with TFE3 fusion gene, Xp11.2 translocation/TFE3 gene fusionrelated renal cell carcinoma, and perivascular epithelioid cell tumors.
This monoclonal antibody specifically recognizes all three isoforms of Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-?1, TGF-?2, and TGF-?3), which are structurally related cytokines identified in mammals. Each TGF-? isoform is synthesized as a precursor protein comprising an N-terminal propeptide (latency-associated peptide, LAP) and a C-terminal mature domain. Following proteolytic cleavage, the mature 112-amino acid peptide remains non-covalently associated with the LAP, forming a latent complex. Bioactive TGF-? is generated upon dimerization?predominantly as homodimers?and subsequent release from the latent complex.
The mature domains of TGF-? isoforms are highly conserved, with TGF-?3 exhibiting approximately 80% amino acid sequence identity to the mature regions of TGF-?1 and TGF-?2. In contrast, the precursor (NH?-terminal) regions display lower sequence homology, sharing only ~27% identity among the isoforms. Functionally, TGF-?s exert pleiotropic effects, including the inhibition of epithelial cell proliferation and the promotion of mesenchymal cell growth and differentiation.
Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a 660 kDa dimeric protein synthesized and utilized exclusively by the thyroid gland. It serves as a precursor in the production of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Triiodothyronine, the biologically active form of thyroxine, is generated within the thyroid gland and also in peripheral tissues through the action of 5?-deiodinase, also known as Tetraiodothyronine-5-deiodinase. Thyroglobulin antibodies specifically bind to human thyroglobulin, as evidenced by a distinct band in immunoblotting assays of human thyroid tissue lysates. Most follicular carcinomas of the thyroid show positive immunoreactivity for thyroglobulin, albeit sometimes only in localized areas. In contrast, poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas are often thyroglobulin-negative. Adenocarcinomas originating outside the thyroid gland do not react with this antibody
T-cell intracellular antigen-1 (TIA-1), also known as granule membrane protein-17 (GMP-17), is a 17 kDa cytoplasmic granule-associated protein expressed in lymphocytes with cytolytic activity. TIA-1 is implicated in Fas (CD95)-mediated apoptotic signaling pathways. The monoclonal antibody TIA1/1352R demonstrates reactivity with approximately 90% of CD16+ lymphocytes, 50?60% of CD8+ T cells, and fewer than 10% of CD4+ peripheral blood lymphocytes. Additionally, it stains nearly all monocytes and granulocytes, as well as CD4+ activated T-cell clones, activated NK-cell clones, and ConA-stimulated thymocytes, but does not react with B lymphocytes or B-cell lines. Immunohistochemically, TIA-1 serves as a marker of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. It is also expressed in several hematologic malignancies, including T-cell lymphomas, large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukemia, and hairy cell leukemia. Differential expression of TIA-1 is diagnostically useful, as strong positivity characterizes LGL leukemia compared to lower levels in T-cell lymphocytosis and other T-cell disorders. Furthermore, TIA-1 can be employed to identify tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, facilitating studies of antitumor immune responses.
TIA1 is a member of the RNA-binding protein family and exhibits nucleolytic activity directed against cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) target cells. It is proposed to play a role in the induction of apoptosis, as it demonstrates preferential binding to polyadenylated [poly (A)] RNA sequences and promotes DNA fragmentation within CTL targets. The predominant granule-associated form is a 17-kDa protein, which is believed to arise from proteolytic cleavage of the 40-kDa full-length precursor, likely representing its C-terminal fragment.
The Notch signaling pathway regulates cell fate determination and differentiation processes across both invertebrate and vertebrate systems. A critical component of this pathway is the transducin-like enhancer (TLE) family of transcriptional co-repressors, including TLE1, TLE2, TLE3, and TLE4. These proteins interact with chromatin, demonstrating specific binding affinity for histone H3, while showing minimal association with other core histones. TLE gene expression is typically enriched in immature epithelial cells undergoing differentiation, implicating their functional involvement in epithelial maturation and lineage commitment.
Immunohistochemically, TLE1 has diagnostic utility in the differential diagnosis of soft tissue tumors. Specifically, TLE1 antibody demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity for synovial sarcoma, enabling its distinction from morphologically overlapping sarcomas, including malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) and other histologic mimics.
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-?) is a pleiotropic proinflammatory cytokine belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily. It is primarily produced by activated macrophages and exerts its biological effects through binding to two distinct receptors: TNFRSF1A (TNFR1) and TNFRSF1B (TNFBR). TNF-? plays a central role in the regulation of immune responses, cellular proliferation, differentiation, programmed cell death (apoptosis), lipid metabolism, and hemostasis.
Biochemically, TNF-? exists as a multimeric complex comprising two, three, or five noncovalently associated subunits. Despite this heterogeneity, it migrates as a single 17 kDa band under non-reducing conditions in SDS-PAGE. Functional studies using TNF-? knockout mice have demonstrated its neuroprotective roles. Additionally, intratumoral administration of TNF-? in murine models has been shown to induce tumor regression, supporting its designation as a tumor necrosis factor.
TNF-? contributes to host defense against bacterial, viral, parasitic, and select fungal infections. It mediates cytolytic and cytostatic effects on certain transformed cell lines, particularly in the presence of interferon-gamma (IFN-?), indicating a synergistic mechanism of action. Dysregulated TNF-? expression or signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including autoimmune disorders, insulin resistance, and malignancies
Topoisomerase II-? is a 170 kDa nuclear enzyme that plays a critical role in the regulation of DNA topology during essential cellular processes such as DNA replication, RNA transcription, and chromosome condensation and segregation during mitosis. It is recognized as a cell cycle-regulated marker, with peak expression observed in the late S-phase, G2-phase, and M-phase of the cell cycle in both neoplastic and developmentally regulated normal cells. Overexpression of Topoisomerase II-? has been documented in a variety of human malignancies, correlating with increased proliferative activity. Conversely, reduced expression of Topoisomerase II-? is a major mechanism underlying resistance to topoisomerase II-targeting chemotherapeutic agents, such as etoposide and doxorubicin.
TROP2, identified by the monoclonal antibody GA733, is a carcinoma-associated cell surface glycoprotein belonging to the family of type I transmembrane proteins. It functions as a receptor capable of mediating intracellular calcium signaling. Pathogenic variants in the TROP2-encoding gene are causative of gelatinous drop-like corneal dystrophy, a rare autosomal recessive disorder marked by progressive corneal amyloidosis that ultimately results in vision loss.
TRPS1, originally named for its association with the autosomal dominant disorder trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type I (TRPS I), functions as a critical regulator of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) during the morphogenesis and differentiation of multiple tissues, including cartilage, bone, kidney, and hair follicles. It has recently been characterized as a novel GATA-type transcription factor with a pivotal role in the proliferation and differentiation of normal mammary epithelial cells, with potential implications in breast tumorigenesis. TRPS1 is notably overexpressed in triple-negative breast carcinomas (TNBC), with expression levels markedly surpassing those of GATA3 in both metaplastic (85% vs. 21%) and non-metaplastic (86% vs. 51%) TNBC subtypes. In non-mammary malignancies, TRPS1 expression is limited, observed in a small subset of lung squamous cell carcinomas, urothelial carcinomas (<2%), and ovarian adenocarcinomas. These findings underscore TRPS1 as a highly specific and sensitive immunohistochemical marker for breast carcinoma, particularly TNBC
The trichorhinophalangeal syndrome 1 (TRPS-1) gene belongs to the GATA transcription factor family and has been identified as highly prevalent in breast cancer, being expressed in over 90% of both estrogen receptor alpha (ER?)+ and ER?? breast cancer subtypes.Currently, the GATA3 tumor marker is commonly used to identify the breast origin in ER-positive and low-grade breast cancer. However, its sensitivity is less than 20% in metaplastic breast carcinoma, such as Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC). In contrast, TRPS1 and GATA3 show comparable positive expression in ER-positive (98% vs. 95%) and HER2-positive (87% vs. 88%) breast carcinomas. However, TRPS1 exhibits higher expression than GATA3 in metaplastic (86% vs. 21%) and nonmetaplastic (86% vs. 51%) TNBC cases. Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) indicate that TRPS1 is a specific gene for breast carcinoma among 31 solid tumor types, including all four subtypes of breast carcinoma: ER/PR-positive luminal A and B types, HER2-positive type, and basal-type/TNBC. TRPS1 shows little to no expression in lung, pancreatic, colon, gastric adenocarcinomas, urothelial, renal, or ovarian carcinomas, or melanoma. Therefore, TRPS1 can be concluded to be a sensitive and specific marker for breast cancer, particularly for TNBC.
Human mast cell tryptase refers to a family of trypsin-like neutral serine proteases predominantly expressed in mast cells. These enzymes exert proteolytic activity on a wide range of substrates, including peptides, proteins, and extracellular matrix components, thereby influencing cellular and tissue responses. Tryptase-mediated effects are implicated in the pathophysiology of various inflammatory conditions, particularly in the development and exacerbation of asthma. Tryptase is stored within the secretory granules of mast cells and, to a lesser extent, has been detected in peripheral blood basophils. Due to its selective expression and release upon mast cell degranulation, tryptase serves as a reliable biomarker for mast cell activation.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), also referred to as thyrotropin, is a peptide hormone produced by thyrotroph cells of the anterior pituitary. It plays a critical role in regulating thyroid gland function by stimulating the synthesis and release of thyroid hormones. TSH is a heterodimeric glycoprotein, composed of non-covalently linked alpha and beta subunits. The alpha subunit is common to other pituitary glycoprotein hormones, including luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and in primates, chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Hormonal specificity is conferred by the unique beta subunit, which directs binding to the TSH receptor.
Only the intact TSH heterodimer is biologically active; isolated alpha or beta subunits exhibit negligible activity. Anti-TSH antibodies selectively identify TSH-producing cells (thyrotrophs), making them valuable in the immunohistochemical classification of pituitary adenomas, and in distinguishing primary pituitary neoplasms from metastatic lesions involving the pituitary gland
The four human glycoprotein hormones chorionic gonadotropin (CG), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) are dimers consisting of alpha and beta subunits that are associated non-covalently. The alpha subunits of these hormones are identical; however, their beta chains are unique and confer biological specificity. TSH is synthesized and secreted by thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland which regulates the endocrine function of the thyroid gland. TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).
TSH production is controlled by a Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH), which is manufactured in the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary gland, where it increases TSH production and release. Somatostatin is also produced by the hypothalamus and has an opposite effect on the pituitary production of TSH, decreasing or inhibiting its release. TSH is a useful marker in classification of pituitary tumors and the study of pituitary disease.
Anti-TTF-1 (Thyroid Transcription Factor 1) is a valuable marker for distinguishing primary lung adenocarcinomas from metastatic carcinomas originating in other organs, germ cell tumors, and malignant mesothelioma. Additionally, it aids in differentiating small cell lung carcinoma from lymphoid infiltrates.
TTF-1 expression is also observed in thyroid tissue and thyroid-derived tumors. This marker is particularly useful in identifying the pulmonary versus nonpulmonary origin of adenocarcinomas in malignant effusions. Furthermore, TTF-1 immunostaining is highly reliable in determining whether brain metastases arise from pulmonary or nonpulmonary sites, especially in cases involving adenocarcinomas and large-cell carcinomas
Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) is a protein that regulates transcription of genes specific to the thyroid, lung and diencephalon. It is also known as thyroid-specific enhancer binding protein and NKX-2. It is used as a marker to determine if a tumor originates in the lung or thyroid. TTF-1 positive cells are found in Type II pneumocytes and Clara cells in the lung. In the thyroid, follicular and parafollicular cells are positive. TTF-1 is useful in differentiating primary Adenocarcinoma of the Lung from Metastatic Carcinomas of the breast and Malignant Mesothelioma. It can also be used to differentiate Small- Cell Lung Carcinoma from lymphoid infiltrates. For lung cancers, Adenocarcinomas are usually positive, while Squamous Cell Carcinomas and Large Cell Carcinomas are rarely positive. Small-Cell Carcinomas (of any primary site) are usually positive