Actin, Muscle Specific (MSA)
Clone: HHF-35
Description
This antibody recognizes actin in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells. It does not react with other mesenchymal cells, except for myoepithelial cells. Actin can be differentiated based on its isoelectric points into three distinct components: alpha, beta, and gamma, arranged in order of increasing isoelectric points.
The anti-muscle-specific actin antibody recognizes the alpha and gamma isotypes of all muscle groups. Non-muscle cells, such as vascular endothelial cells and connective tissues, are non-reactive. Additionally, neoplastic cells derived from non-muscle tissues, including carcinomas, melanomas, and lymphomas, are negative.
This antibody stains tumors of smooth muscle (leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas) and skeletal muscle (rhabdomyomas and rhabdomyosarcomas).
Actin, Smooth Muscle (SMA)
Clone: 1A4
Description
Actin, a crucial component of the cytoskeleton, is present in most cell types. This monoclonal antibody (MAb) is highly specific to actin from smooth muscle cells, with its epitope located in the first four N-terminal amino acids. It does not stain cardiac or skeletal muscle; however, it stains myofibroblasts and myoepithelial cells. This antibody is particularly useful in the diagnosis of smooth muscle and skeletal muscle tumors when used in combination with anti-muscle-specific actin and myogenin. In most cases of rhabdomyosarcoma, this antibody yields negative results, whereas anti-muscle-specific actin and myogenin are positive. Leiomyosarcomas, on the other hand, show positive staining with anti-muscle-specific actin and anti-smooth muscle actin but are negative with anti-myogenin.
ALK
Clone: 5A4
Description
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase belonging to the insulin receptor superfamily. Typically, ALK is expressed at low levels in regions of the developing central and peripheral nervous systems. In cancer, ALK can be activated through various mechanisms. The most common mechanism is the formation of a fusion protein resulting from chromosomal translocations, as seen in anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) and inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors. Additionally, ALK can be amplified through mutations, as observed in neuroblastomas.
Aberrant ALK expression has also been found in various solid tumors, including non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and brain cancers.
ALK staining is present in both the nucleus and cytoplasm and is positive in about 60% of ALCL cases. ALK protein expression intumor cells serves as an independent prognostic factor predicting a favorable outcome.
Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP)
Clone: C3
Description
This monoclonal antibody (MAb) is designed to specifically recognize alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), an oncofetal glycoprotein with a single polypeptide chain of 70 kDa, as identified by the ISOBM TD-2 workshop. The antibody demonstrates exceptional specificity, showing no cross-reactivity with other oncofetal antigens or serum albumin, ensuring reliable and accurate results in diagnostic applications.
AFP is predominantly synthesized in the fetal liver, intestinal tract, and yolk sac during development. In pathological conditions, this protein is re-expressed and serves as a key marker for certain malignancies. The AFP antibody has proven invaluable in the detection and diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) and germ cell tumors, particularly yolk sac tumors, where its sensitivity aids in distinguishing these neoplasms from other tumor types.
AMACR (P504S)
Clone: 13H4
Description
AMACR (P504S) is an acronym for the protein alpha-methylacyl CoA racemase that helps to metabolize certain fatty acids within the body. AMACR has been recently described as a prostate cancer-specific gene that encodes a protein involved in the beta-oxidation of branched chain fatty acids. Expression of AMACR protein is found in Prostatic Adenocarcinoma but not in benign prostatic tissue.
It stains premalignant lesions of the prostate: High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PIN) and Atypical Adenomatous Hyperplasia. Several studies have suggested that AMACR can be used as a prostate cancer biomarker. High expression of AMACR (P504S) protein is usually found in Prostatic Adenocarcinoma but not in benign prostatic tissue by immunohistochemical staining in paraffin-embedded tissues. Using AMACR as a positive marker along with basal-cell staining (34βE12 or p63) as a negative marker could help to confirm the diagnosis of small foci of Prostate Carcinoma on needle biopsies.
Androgen Receptor
Clone: AR441
Description
This monoclonal antibody (MAb) recognizes a 110 kDa protein identified as the androgen receptor (AR). It specifically binds to both the full-length receptor and the newly characterized A form, without cross-reacting with estrogen, progesterone, or glucocorticoid receptors. The expression of AR has been reported to be inversely correlated with histologic grade in prostate tumors, with higher levels observed in well-differentiated tumors compared to poorly differentiated ones.
In the context of prostate cancer, AR is proposed as a marker for hormone responsiveness, making it potentially valuable for identifying patients who may benefit from anti-androgen therapy. Clinically, this MAb has been effective in distinguishing morpheaform basal cell carcinoma (mBCC) from desmoplastic trichoepithelioma (DTE) in skin tissue samples. Additionally, it excels in staining tissues preserved in formalin and embedded in paraffin.
Annexin A1
Clone: ANXA1/1671
Description
The ANXA1 gene, part of the annexin family, contains four annexin repeats, with each pair potentially forming a binding site for calcium and phospholipids. ANXA1 plays a role in membrane fusion and exocytosis. Its gene expression is upregulated in hairy cell leukemia (HCL), and the protein serves as a highly sensitive and specific biomarker for diagnosing this condition.
Additionally, Annexin A1 has been shown to protect breast cancer cells from heat-induced DNA damage, indicating its involvement in tumor-suppressive and protective mechanisms. It is also linked to treatment resistance in certain cancers.
Arginase-1
Clone: EP261
Description
Recognizes a protein of 35-38kDa, which is identified as Arginase 1 (ARG1). Arginase is a manganese metallo-enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of arginine to generate ornithine and urea. Arginase I and II are isoenzymes which differ in subcellular localization, regulation, and possibly function.
Arginase I is a cytosolic enzyme, which is expressed mainly in the liver as part of the urea cycle, whereas arginase II is a mitochondrial protein found in a variety of tissues. Antibody to ARG-1 labels hepatocytes in normal tissues and granulocytes in peripheral blood. ARG-1 is a sensitive and specific marker for identification of hepatocellular carcinoma.
STORAGE AND HANDLING
Store at 2-8°C. Fresh dilutions, if required, should be prepared prior to use and are stable for up to one day at room temperature (20-26°C).
Diluted antibody preparations can be refrigerated or frozen for extended shelf life.
ATRX
Clone: D-5
Description
ATRX is a member of the Snf2 family of helicase/ATPases, which contribute to the remodeling of the nucelosome structure in an ATP-dependent manner, and facilitate the initiation of transcription and replication. Structurally, ATRX contains a PHD zinc finger motif. ATRX is regulated throughout the cell cycle where it is differentially distributed within the nucleus.
During interphase, ATRX predominately associates with the nuclear matrix, while during mitosis, ATRX localizes with condensed chromatin. At the onset of M phase, phosphorylation rapidly induces this redistribution of ATRX to the short arms of human acrocentric chromosomes, where it then specifically complexes with heterochromatin protein 1 a to mediate chromosomal segregation. Mutations in the ATRX gene correlate with a high incidence of severe X-linked form of syndromal mental retardation associated with a thalassaemia or ATR-X syndrome.
BCL2
Clone: 124
Description
This antibody recognizes a protein of 25-26kDa, identified as bcl-2 alpha oncoprotein. It shows no cross-reaction with Bcl-x or Bax protein. Expression of bcl-2 alpha oncoprotein inhibits the programmed cell death (apoptosis). In most follicular lymphomas, neoplastic germinal centers express high levels of bcl-2 alpha protein, whereas the normal or hyperplastic germinal centers are negative.
This antibody is valuable when distinguishing between reactive and neoplastic follicular proliferation in lymph node biopsies. It may also be used in distinguishing between those follicular lymphomas that express bcl-2 protein and small number in which neoplastic cells are bcl-2 negative.
BCL6
Clone: RBT-BCL6
Description
The bcl-6 gene is a transcriptional regulator that encodes a 706-amino-acid nuclear zinc finger protein. Antibodies targeting this protein specifically stain germinal center cells within lymphoid follicles, as well as follicular and interfollicular cells in cases of Follicular Lymphoma, Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphomas, Burkitt’s Lymphoma, and a majority of Reed-Sternberg cells in Nodular Lymphocyte-Predominant Hodgkin’s Disease.
The bcl-6 antibody is also valuable for identifying neoplastic cells in Nodular Lymphocyte-Predominant Hodgkin’s Disease. In contrast, bcl-6 staining is infrequent in Mantle-Cell Lymphoma and MALT Lymphoma. Expression of bcl-6 is observed in approximately 45% of CD30+ Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphomas, but it is consistently absent in other types of peripheral T-cell Lymphomas.
Beta Catenin
Clone: EP35
Description
Beta-catenin interacts with the cytoplasmic region of E-cadherin, a connection essential for E-cadherin’s role as an adhesion molecule. In healthy tissues, beta-catenin localizes to the membrane of epithelial cells, reflecting its function in the cell adhesion complex. In breast ductal neoplasia, beta-catenin primarily remains at the cellular membranes. In contrast, in lobular neoplasia, beta-catenin is notably redistributed throughout the cytoplasm, creating a diffuse cytoplasmic pattern.
Immunostaining for beta-catenin and E-cadherin aids in accurately distinguishing between ductal and lobular neoplasms, particularly in differentiating low-grade ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) from lobular carcinoma. Similarly, some rectal and gastric adenocarcinomas exhibit diffuse cytoplasmic beta-catenin staining without membranous localization, mirroring the pattern observed in lobular breast carcinomas.
BOB-1
Clone: SP92
Description
The expression of BOB.1 in various established B-cell lines, representative of different stages in B-cell development, suggests a constitutive and B-cell-specific pattern of expression. In nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, the lymphocyte-predominant (LP) cells, which are derived from the germinal center, consistently exhibit immunopositivity for BOB.1. In contrast, BOB.1 immunoreactivity is observed in the Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells in only some cases of classical Hodgkin lymphoma.
Expression of BOB.1 has also been reported in follicular center cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and certain cases of acute myeloid leukemia. Additionally, B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), marginal zone lymphoma, and mantle cell lymphoma may exhibit weak to moderate immunoreactivity for BOB.1.Feel free to let me know if there are specific aspects you’d like further refined or any other modifications you have in mind!.
BRAF V600E
Clone: RM8
Description
The BRAF gene encodes a protein that is part of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway, which regulates cell division and proliferation. The V600E mutation in the BRAF gene leads to the production of a constitutively active BRAF protein, resulting in uncontrolled cell growth and division. Identifying the presence of this mutation is crucial for diagnosing and guiding the treatment of certain cancers.
The BRAF (V600E) antibody is used in immunohistochemistry to detect the presence of a specific mutation in the BRAF gene known as V600E. This mutation is commonly associated with various cancers, including melanoma, colorectal cancer, and certain types of thyroid cancer, lung cancer, and Hairy cell leukemia. The BRAF (V600E) antibody specifically binds to the mutated BRAF protein, allowing pathologists to detect the mutation in cancer tissue. Immunohistochemistry using this antibody is often employed in the evaluation of tumor specimens to aid in the diagnosis and classification of cancers.
C-Myc
Clone: EP121
Description
It recognizes a transcription factor of 64-67kDa, identified as c-myc. Its epitope spans between aa 410-419 (EQKLISEEDL) which is a specific portion of an alpha helical region of human c-myc protein.
This MAb shows no cross-reaction with v-myc. c-myc is involved in the control of cell proliferation and differentiation and is amplified and/or overexpressed in a variety of tumors. Over-expression of c-myc protein occurs frequently in luminal cells of prostate intraepithelial neoplasia as well as in most primary carcinomas and metastatic disease.
C4D
Clone: C4D204
Description
The monoclonal antibody (MAb) specific to Complement 4d (C4d) reacts with both secreted and cell-bound C4d, a degradation product of the activated complement factor C4b. C4d is formed when C4b is activated by antibody binding to target molecules, exposing thio-ester groups that allow covalent binding to endothelial cells and extracellular matrix components at sites of activation. This binding is most commonly observed in the peritubular capillaries of transplanted organs. The presence of C4d in these capillaries is a key indicator of acute antibody-mediated rejection in kidney, heart, pancreas, and lung allografts, and it is also found in chronic renal allograft rejection, hyperacute rejection, acute vascular rejection, acute cellular rejection, and borderline rejection. C4d serves as a significant predictor of transplant kidney graft survival, with its detection helping to diagnose transplant rejection. The use of anti-C4d, combined with anti-C3d, can assist in diagnosing allograft rejection, providing critical insight into when aggressive anti-rejection treatment is necessary to prevent graft failure and improve long-term outcomes.
CA IX (CA 9)
Clone: EP161
Description
This monoclonal antibody recognizes a glycoprotein of approximately 200kDa, identified as carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX). The epitope targeted by this antibody resides within the carbohydrate domain of gp200, which is a crucial component for its specificity. It has been shown to exhibit no significant cross-reactivity with other carbohydrate determinants, such as the Lewis blood group antigens, epithelial membrane antigen, HMFG, or AB blood group antigens, making it highly specific for its target. In normal kidney tissue, gp200 is primarily localized along the brush border of the pars convoluta and pars recta segments of the proximal tubule, and it is also found focally along the luminal surface of Bowman’s capsule, adjacent to the outgoing proximal tubule. Importantly, gp200 is highly expressed in renal cell carcinomas, with expression observed in approximately 93% of primary and 84% of metastatic renal cell carcinomas. This makes the monoclonal antibody particularly useful for investigating carcinomas of proximal nephrogenic differentiation, especially those demonstrating tubular differentiation, thus aiding in the diagnosis and study of renal cancers with distinct histological features.
CA125
Clone: 5E11
Description
The mucins are a family of highly glycosylated, secreted proteins characterized by a basic structure of variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTRs). These high molecular weight glycoproteins are components of the glycocalyx—a polysaccharide biofilm that shields mucosal epithelial surfaces from particulate matter and microorganisms. Epithelial mucins, found on cell surfaces and secreted by cells, play critical roles in adhesion modulation, cell signaling, and the protection of epithelial cells. The number of tandem repeats varies significantly among different alleles, highlighting the polymorphic nature of these proteins.
The mucin family includes Mucins 1-4, Mucin 5 (isoforms AC and B), Mucins 6-8, Mucins 11-13, and Mucins 15-17. Mucin 16, also known as CA125 and encoded by the MUC16 gene, is a high molecular weight tumor-associated antigen. It contains three main domains: a carboxy-terminal domain, an extracellular domain, and an amino-terminal domain. Mucin 16, an ovarian cancer-associated antigen, is commonly used as a biomarker to monitor the progression of epithelial ovarian cancer. This hydrophilic, membrane-associated protein may also play a role in vitamin A functions
Caldesmon HMW, Smooth Muscle
Clone: h-CALD
Description
Recognizes a protein of 150kDa, which is identified as the high molecular weight variant of Caldesmon. Two closely related variants of human caldesmon have been identified which are different in their electrophoretic mobility and cellular distribution.
The h-caldesmon variant (120'150kDa) is predominantly expressed in smooth muscle whereas l-caldesmon (70'80kDa) is found in nonmuscle tissue and cells. Neither of the two variants has been detected in skeletal muscle.
This MAb recognizes only the 150kDa variant (h-caldesmon) in Western blots of human aortic media extracts and is unreactive with fibroblast extracts from cultivated human foreskin. Caldesmon is a developmentally regulated protein involved in smooth muscle and non-muscle contraction.
Calponin
Clone: CALP
Description
Multiple isoelectric variants of calponin have been identified, but only two molecular weight isoforms are known: a 34 kDa form and a 29 kDa form. The 29 kDa isoform, also known as I-calponin, is predominantly found in the smooth muscle of the urogenital tract, whereas the 34 kDa isoform is primarily present in vascular and visceral smooth muscle.
In Western blot analysis, this monoclonal antibody (MAb) specifically reacts with the 34 kDa isoform of calponin in human aortic medial smooth muscle extracts but shows no reactivity with fibroblast extracts from cultured human foreskin. Calponin, a protein that binds to calmodulin, F-actin, and tropomyosin, is believed to play a role in regulating smooth muscle contraction. Its expression is restricted to smooth muscle cells and serves as a marker of the differentiated, contractile phenotype in developing smooth muscle tissue.
Calretinin
Clone: SP13
Description
This antibody specifically recognizes a 31.5 kDa protein identified as Calretinin. Calretinin is an intracellular calcium-binding protein that belongs to the troponin C superfamily, characterized by an EF-hand domain. During immunohistochemical analysis, calretinin expression in the developing cerebellum becomes evident in the later stages, starting with weak staining in Purkinje and basket cells, as well as in the neurons of the dentate nucleus from week 21 of gestation.
The staining intensity increases as the cerebellum matures. In tumors, calretinin has been detected in mesotheliomas and certain pulmonary adenocarcinomas. Additionally, calretinin occasionally shows positivity in other tumor types, including ameloblastomas and sex cord tumors of the ovary and testis.
CD1a
Clone: O10
Description
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CD2
Clone: AB75
Description
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CD3e
Clone: C3E/8115R
Description
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CD4
Clone: 4B12
Description
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CD5
Clone: 4C7
Description
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CD10
Clone: EP195
Description
Recognizes a 100kDa glycoprotein, identified as CD10, also known as Common Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia Antigen (CALLA). It is a cell surface enzyme with neutral metalloendopeptidase activity, which inactivates a variety of biologically active peptides. CD10 is expressed on the cells of lymphoblastic, Burkitt s, and follicular germinal center lymphomas, and on cells from patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). It is also expressed on the surface of normal early lymphoid progenitor cells, immature B cells within adult bone marrow and germinal center B cells within lymphoid tissue. CD10 is also present on breast myoepithelial cells, bile canaliculi, fibroblasts, with especially high expression on the brush border of kidney and gut epithelial cells.
CD10
Clone: 56C6
Description
CD10, a 100 KD glycoprotein, also known as Common Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia Antigen (CALLA), is a cell surface enzyme with neutral metalloendopeptidase activity which inactivates a variety of biologically active peptides.
CD10 is expressed on the cells of lymphoblastic, Burkitt’s, and follicular germinal center lymphomas, and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). It is also expressed on the surface of normal early lymphoid progenitor cells, immature B cells within bone marrow and germinal center B cells within lymphoid tissue.
CD10 is also present on breast myoepithelial cells, with especially high expression on the brush border of kidney and gut epithelial cells.
CD105/Endoglin
Clone: ENG/3269
Description
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CD15
Clone: MMA
Description
3-fucosyl-N-acetyllactosamine (3-FAL) or CD15 or X-hapten plays a role in mediating phagocytosis, bactericidal activity, and chemotaxis. It is present on >95% of granulocytes including neutrophils and eosinophils and to a lesser degree on monocytes.
CD15 is also expressed in Reed-Sternberg cells and some epithelial cells. CD15 antibody is very useful in the identification of Hodgkin’s disease.
CD15 is occasionally expressed in large cell lymphomas of both B and T phenotypes which otherwise have a quite distinct histological appearance.
CD19
Clone: CD19/3117
Description
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CD19
Clone: EP169
Description
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CD20
Clone: L26
Description
CD20 is a non-Ig differentiation antigen of B cells and the expression of CD20 is restricted to normal and neoplastic B cells, being absent from all other leukocytes and tissues. CD20 is the most specific B-cell marker used in paraffin immunohistochemistry. It acts as calcium channel involved in B cell activation and cell cycle progression.
CD21
Clone: EP64
Description
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CD23
Clone: SP23
Description
CD23 (FCE2) is a type II integral membrane glycoprotein that is expressed on mature B cells, monocytes, eosinophils, platelets and dendritic cells. CD23 is a low affinity IgE receptor that mediates. IgE-dependent cytotoxicity and phagocytosis by macrophages and eosinophils. CD23 associates as an oligomer where cooperative binding of at least two lectin domains is required for high affinity IgE binding to CD23. It may play a role in antigen presentation by B cells by interacting with CD40. CD23 has been shown to be associated with the Fyn tyrosine kinase. The truncated molecule can be secreted, then function as a potent mitogenic growth factor. CD23 is expressed on a subpopulation of peripheral blood cells, Blymphocytes and on EBV transformed B lymphoblastoid cell lines. CD23 is also detected in neoplastic cells from cases of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and some cases on centroblastic/centrocytic lymphoma
CD30 (ki-1 Antigen)
Clone: Ber-H2
Description
CD30, a single chain glycoprotein, is synthesized as a 90kDa precursor which is processed in the Golgi complex into a membrane-bound phosphorylated mature 105/120kDa glycoprotein. The CD30/Ki-1 antigen is expressed by mononuclear Hodgkin and multinucleated Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin’s disease, by the tumor cells of a majority of anaplastic large cell lymphomas, and by a varying proportion of activated T and B cells.
Ber-H2 distinguishes large cell lymphomas derived from activated lymphoid cells from histiocytic malignancies and lymphomas derived from resting and precursor lymphoid cells or from anaplastic carcinomas.
CD31/PECAM1
Clone: JC/70A
Description
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CD31
Clone: 1A10
Description
CD31 (PECAM-1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein member of the immunoglobulin supergene family of adhesion molecules. CD31 is expressed by stem cells of the hematopoietic system and is primarily used to identify and concentrate these cells for experimental studies as well as for bone marrow transplantation. Anti-CD31 has shown to be highly specific and sensitive for vascular endothelial cells.
Staining of nonvascular tumors (excluding hematopoietic neoplasms) is rare. CD31 MAb reacts with normal, benign, and malignant endothelial cells which make up blood vessel lining. The level of CD31 expression can help to determine the degree of tumor angiogenesis, and a high level of CD31 expression may imply a rapidly growing tumor and potentially a predictor of tumor recurrence.
CD34
Clone: Qbend/10
Description
CD34, a single chain transmembrane glycoprotein, is selectively expressed on human lymphoid and myeloid hematopoietic progenitor cells. Staining for CD34 has been used to measure angiogenesis, which reportedly predictstumor recurrence.
CD34 functions as a cell-cell adhesion factor and cell-surface glycoprotein. It may also mediate the attachment of stem cells to bone marrow extracellular matrixes or directly to stromal cells. Cells expressing CD34 are normally found in the umbilical cord and bone marrow as hematopoietic cells, and in vascular endothelium.
CD38
Clone: DYH/38M
Description
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CD3e
Clone: C3E/8115R
Description
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CD45 (LCA)
Clone: 2B11+PD7/26
Description
CD45 leukocyte common antigen (LCA) belongs to the family of at least four isoforms of membrane glycoproteins (220, 205, 190, 180kDa) expressed on hematopoietic cell lines but absent on nonhematopoietic cell lines, normal, and malignant non-hematopoietic tissues.
The intracellular portion of these molecules have protein phosphatase activity and are involved in regulation of transmembrane signals. Antibody to CD45 is useful in differential identification of lymphoid tumors from non-hematopoietic undifferentiated neoplasms.
CD57 (Natural Killer Cell)
Clone: NK-1
Description
Anti-CD57 marks a subset of lymphocytes known as natural killer (NK) cells. Follicular center cell lymphomas often contain many NK cells within the neoplastic follicles. Anti-CD57 also stains neuroendocrine cells and their derived tumors, including carcinoid tumor and medulloblastoma.
Anti-CD57 can also be useful in separating type B3 thymoma from thymic carcinoma when combined with a panel that includes antibodies against GLUT1, CD5, and CEA.
CD61
Clone: 2F2
Description
Anti-CD57 marks a subset of lymphocytes known as natural killer (NK) cells. Follicular center cell lymphomas often contain many NK cells within the neoplastic follicles. Anti-CD57 also stains neuroendocrine cells and their derived tumors, including carcinoid tumor and medulloblastoma.
Anti-CD57 can also be useful in separating type B3 thymoma from thymic carcinoma when combined with a panel that includes antibodies against GLUT1, CD5, and CEA.
CD68
Clone: KP-1
Description
CD68 antigen is a 110-kD type 1 membrane glycoprotein that appears in endosomes or lysosomes (long variant) and to a lesser extent on the cell surface (short variant).
It is highly expressed by blood monocytes and tissue macrophages. It is also reported to be expressed in immature myeloid cells, lymphoma, many tumor cell lines, and some epithelial tumors, although the labeling is usually less intense than in macrophages.
Clone KP1 reacts strongly with a fixativeresistant epitope of CD68 protein that is expressed by virtually all macrophages of the human body. The CD68 antibody can be used as part of a panel in the evaluation of poorly differentiated neoplasms in cytological materials.
CD99/MIC2
Clone: EPR3097Y
Description
Recognizes a sialoglycoprotein of 27-32 kDa, identified as CD99, the MIC2 gene product, or E2 antigen. The MIC2 gene is located in the pseudo-autosomal region of the human X and Y chromosomes. It encodes two distinct proteins produced by alternative splicing of the CD99 gene transcript, identified as bands of 30 and 32 kDa (p30/32).
Although its function is not fully understood, CD99 is implicated in various cellular processes, including homotypic aggregation of T cells, upregulation of T cell receptor and MHC molecules, apoptosis of immature thymocytes, and leukocyte diapedesis. CD99 is expressed on the cell membrane of some lymphocytes, cortical thymocytes, and granulosa cells of the ovary.
It is also expressed in most pancreatic islet cells, Sertoli cells of the testis, and some endothelial cells, whereas mature granulocytes express very little or no CD99. MIC2 is strongly expressed on Ewing's sarcoma cells and primitive peripheral neuroectodermal tumors. This monoclonal antibody shows very similar reactivity to other CD99 MAbs (e.g., O13, 12E7, or HBA-71) and is excellent for immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues.
CD117/C-kit
Clone: EP10
Description
CD117 is a tyrosine-kinase receptor for stem cell factor (SCF), also known as “steel factor” or “c-kit ligand”. C-kit is a polypeptide that activates bone marrow precursors of a number of blood cells, but its receptor is also present in other cells. C-kit mutations in the interstitial cells of Cajal in the digestive tract are probably the key to Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs).
CD117 antibody reacts with interstitial cells of Cajal, germ cells, bone marrow stem cells, melanocytes, breast epithelium and mast cells. This receptor is found on a wide variety of tumor cells (Follicular and Papillary Carcinoma of the Thyroid, Adenocarcinomas from endometrium, lung, ovary, pancreas, breast; Malignant Melanoma, Endodermal Sinus Tumor, Small-cell Carcinoma) but has been particularly useful in differentiating Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST) from Kaposi’s Sarcoma and tumors of smooth-muscle origin
CD138
Clone: MI15
Description
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CD163
Clone: M130/2162
Description
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CDK4
Clone: CDK4/8351R
Description
Cyclin-dependent kinase-4 (CDK4) is a protein-serine kinase involved in the cell cycle. It is essential for the G1- to S-phase transition during the cell cycle and its expression is primarily controlled at the transcriptional level.
CCND1- CDK4 axis is not only critical in glial tumor cells but also in stromal-derived cells in the surrounding tumor microenvironment that are vital to sustain tumor outgrowth CDK4 is highly expressed in highly differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcomas, but rarely expressed in other benign liposarcomas and other sarcomas. CDK4 and MDM2 combined to differentiate between highly differentiated liposarcoma (+), dedifferentiated liposarcoma (+) and myxoid liposarcoma, pleomorphic liposarcoma, spindle lipoma, pleomorphic lipoma and other high-grade sarcomas.
CDX2
Clone: EP25
Description
CDX2 is a caudal-type homeobox gene that encodes an intestine-specific transcription factor expressed early in intestinal development and that may be involved in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells. It is expressed in the nuclei of epithelial cells throughout the intestine, from duodenum to rectum. The CDX2 protein is expressed in Primary and Metastatic Colorectal Carcinomas and has also been demonstrated in the intestinal metaplasia of the stomach and intestinal-type gastric cancer.
It is not expressed in the normal gastric mucosa. Loss of CDX2 protein expression has been correlated with loss of differentiation in colorectal cancers. Anti-CDX2 antibody has been useful in distinguishing the gastrointestinal origin of Metastatic Adenocarcinomas and carcinoids. Studies have shown that CDX2 is a superior marker compared to CK20. A high percentage of Mucinous Carcinomas of the Ovary also stain positively with this antibody, as well as Carcinomas from the upper gastrointestinal tract.
CEA (Carcinoembryonic Antigen)
Clone: POLYCLONAL
Description
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a glycoprotein involved in cell adhesion. It is normally produced during fetal development, but the production of CEA stops before birth. Therefore, it is not usually present in the blood of healthy adults, although levels are raised in heavy smokers. CEA is synthesized during development in the fetal gut, and is re-expressed in increased amounts in Intestinal Carcinomas and several other tumors.
CEA is employed essentially as a tool to assist in the distinction between Adenocarcinoma and Malignant Mesotheliomas of the epithelial type, along with other markers for mucosubstances such as Leu M1 and Ber-EP4. Another suggested use of CEA is the immunophenotyping of various Metastatic Adenocarcinomas as a means of identifying their origin.
Chromogranin A
Clone: LK2H10
Description
Chromogranin A is a member of the chromogranin/secretogranin family of neuroendocrine secretory proteins. Examples of cells producing chromogranin A are the adrenal medulla, enterochromaffin-like cells and beta cells of the pancreas. The function of chromogranin A is unknown but it is a precursor to 3 functional peptides: vasostatin, pancreastatin and parastatin. These peptides negatively modulate the neuroendocrine function of the releasing cell (autocrine) or nearby cells (paracrine). Chromogranin A is an excellent marker for Carcinoid Tumors, Pheochromocytomas, Paragangliomas, and other Neuroendocrine Tumors. Coexpression of chromogranin A and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) is common in neuroendocrine neoplasms. It has been identified in a wide variety of endocrine tissues including the pituitary, pancreas, hypothalamus, thymus, thyroid, intestine and parathyroid. It is generally accepted that the coexpression of certain keratins and chromogranin means neuroendocrine lineage. The presence of strong chromogranin staining and absence of keratin staining should raise the possibility of paraganglioma. Most pituitary adenomas and prolactinomas readily express chromogranin.
COX-2
Clone: COX2/3320R
Description
Prostaglandins are a diverse group of autocrine and paracrine hormones that mediate many cellular and physiologic processes. Prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) is an intermediate molecule in formation of the prostaglandins.
Cyclooxygenase-1 (Cox-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) are prostaglandin synthases that catalyze the formation of PGH2 from arachidonic acid (AA). Cox-1 and Cox-2 are isozymes of prostaglandin-endoperoxidase synthase (PTGS). Cox-1 is constitutively expressed in most tissues and is thought to serve in general housekeeping functions.
Cox-2 is efficiently induced in migratory cells responding to pro-inflammatory stimuli and is considered to be an important mediator of inflammation. Both enzymes are targets for the nonsteroidal therapeutic anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAIDs. COX2 expression is significantly increased in 85-90% of human colorectal adenocarcinomas whereas levels of COX-1 are not changed.
Cyclin D1
Clone: DCS6
Description
The antibody recognizes a 36 kDa protein identified as cyclin D1, which is a crucial regulator of the cell cycle and a putative protooncogene often overexpressed in various human cancers. It neutralizes cyclin D1 activity in vivo. Approximately 60% of mantle cell lymphomas (MCL) exhibit a t(11;14)(q13;q32) translocation, leading to cyclin D1 overexpression. This antibody is useful for distinguishing mantle cell lymphomas (cyclin D1 positive) from chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) and follicular lymphomas (both cyclin D1 negative). Occasionally, cyclin D1 is weakly expressed in hairy cell leukemia and plasma cell myeloma.
Cytokeratin -HMW
Clone: 34BE12
Description
Cytokeratin 34βE12 is a High Molecular Weight cytokeratin that reacts with all squamous and ductal epithelium and stains carcinomas. This antibody recognizes cytokeratins 1, 5, 10, and 14 that are found in complex epithelia. Cytokeratin 34βE12 shows no reactivity with hepatocytes, pancreatic acinar cells, proximal renal tubules or endometrial glands; there has been no reactivity with cells derived from simple epithelia.
Nerve cells, glial cells and mesenchymal tissue such as blood vessels containing only non-keratin types of intermediate filaments are not labeled; however, reactivity with smooth-muscle cells has been occasionally observed. Mesenchymal Tumors, Lymphomas, Melanomas, Neural Tumors and Neuroendocrine Tumors are unreactive with this antibody. Cytokeratin 34βE12 has been shown to be useful in distinguishing Prostatic Adenocarcinoma from Hyperplasia of the Prostate.
Cytokeratin -LMW (CK 7/8)
Clone: CAM5.2
Description
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Cytokeratin 5/6
Clone: D5/16B4
Description
Cytokeratin 5 (58 kDa) is a high-molecular weight, basic type of cytokeratin expressed in basal, intermediate and superficial-cell layers of stratified epithelia as well as transitional epithelia, complex epithelia,mesothelial cells and Mesothelioma. Cytokeratin 6 (56 kDa) is also a high-molecular weight, basic type cytokeratin expressed by proliferating squamous epithelium often paired with Cytokeratin 16.
CK 5 and 6 are positively seen in nearly 100% of Malignant Mesotheliomas and is rarely seen in Lung Adenocarcinomas. CK 5 and 6 can positively be seen in undifferentiated Large-cell Carcinoma as well as Squamous Carcinoma. Fewer than 10% of Carcinomas of the breast, colon, and prostate stain positively for this marker. CK 5 and 6 have also been used successfully as a myoepithelial cell marker in the prostate to determine.
Cytokeratin 7
Clone: OV-TL 12/30
Description
Cytokeratin 7 is a basic cytokeratin which is found in most glandular and transitional epithelia but not in the stratified squamous epithelia.
Keratin 7 is expressed in the epithelial cells of ovary, lung, and breast but not of colon, prostate, or gastrointestinal tract. Antibody to cytokeratin is useful in distinguishing ovarian carcinomas (keratin 7+) from colon carcinomas (keratin 7-).
Cytokeratin 17
Clone: E27
Description
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Cytokeratin 18
Clone: KRT18/7056R
Description
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Cytokeratin 19
Clone: A53-B/A2.26
Description
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Cytokeratin 20
Clone: KS20.8
Description
Cytokeratin 20 (CK20) is a type-1 keratin which is primarily expressed in gastric and intestinal epithelium, urothelium, and Merkel-cells. CK20 is expressed in adenocarcinomas of the colon, stomach, pancreas and the bile system.
CK20 is also present in mucinous ovarian tumors, transitional-cell and Merkel-cell carcinomas. Notably, the squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas of the breast, lung, and endometrium, non-mucinous tumors of the ovary, and small cell carcinomas lack in CK20.
Cytokeratin, Pan
Clone: AE1/AE3
Description
Human cytokeratins (40kD to 68kD) are a family of waterinsoluble proteins that form a major part of the cytoskeleton of epithelial cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of a large variety of neoplasms has established keratin protein immunohistochemistry as an important aid for classification of epithelial neoplasms.
Monoclonal antibodies AE1 and AE3 recognize the acidic and basic subfamilies of cytokeratin respectively, thus the combination of these two antibodies can be used to detect almost all human epithelia. These antibodies show no crossreactivities with other cytoskeletal proteins.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Clone: DDG9/CCH2
Description
Between 10% and 40% of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) develop cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. In some cases, CMV can be detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), urine, and other specimens, even in the absence of symptoms of CMV disease.
To aid in the diagnosis of CMV disease in patients with AIDS or HIV infection, a reliable indicator of active CMV infection is needed. The CMV p65 antigen has been identified in the leukocytes of both peripheral blood and BALF during the early stages of CMV disease.
Desmin
Clone: D33
Description
Desmin is a type of intermediate filament found near the Z line in sarcomeres. Both vimentin and desmin are characteristics of mesenchymal cells.
Desmin antibody detects a protein that is expressed by cells of normal smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscles. Light microscopy studies of desmin suggests that it is primarily located at or near the periphery of Z lines in striated muscle fibrils. In smooth muscle, Desmin interconnects cytoplasmic dense bodies with membranebound dense plaques. Desmin antibody reacts with Leiomyomas, Rhabdomyomas, and Perivascular cells of Glomus Tumors of the skin (if they are of myogenic nature). This antibody is used to demonstrate the myogenic components/derivation of tumors.
DOG-1
DOG1.1
Description
DOG1, or Discovered on GIST-1, is an antibody widely utilized in immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the identification of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). GISTs are mesenchymal tumors originating primarily in the stomach and small intestine, and the DOG1 antibody serves as a crucial diagnostic marker for these tumors.
DOG1 is a protein encoded by the ANO1 gene, also known as TMEM16A, which functions as a calcium-activated chloride channel. The DOG1 antibody is specifically designed to target the DOG1 protein, exhibiting high sensitivity and specificity for GISTs. Its expression is observed in a vast majority of GISTs, including those that do not express KIT or CD34, other common markers for these tumors.
E-Cadherin
Clone: EP6
Description
Cadherins are a class of transmembrane proteins. They play an important role in cell adhesion by ensuring cells within tissues are bound together. E-Cadherin is an adhesion protein that is expressed in cells of epithelial lineage. It stains positively in glandular epithelium as well as Adenocarcinomas of the lung and G.I. tract, and ovary.
E-Cadherin has been useful in distinguishing Adenocarcinoma from Mesothelioma. It has also been shown to be positive in some Thyroid Carcinomas. It can be used to differentiate Ductal Carcinomas (positive for E-Cadherin) from Lobular Breast Carcinomas.
EBV-LMP
Clone: EBV/12703R
Description
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EGFR
Clone: EP22
Description
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EMA (Epithelial Membrane Antigen)
Clone: E29
Description
EMA antibody (Epithelial Membrane Antigen) is a mucin-like glycoprotein, shown to be useful as a pan-epithelial marker for detecting early metastatic loci of carcinoma in the bone marrow or liver. It stains normal and neoplastic cells from various tissues, including mammary epithelium, sweat glands and squamous epithelium.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Adrenal Carcinoma and Embryonal Carcinomas are consistently EMA negative, so keratin positivity with negative EMA favors one of these tumors. EMA is frequently positive in meningioma, which can be useful when distinguishing it from other intracranial neoplasms. The absence of EMA can also be of value since negative EMA is characteristic of some tumors including Adrenal Carcinoma, Seminomas, Paraganglioma and Hepatoma.
EPCAM / CD326
Clone: 326
Description
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EPCAM
Clone: Ber-EP4
Description
Recognizes a 40-43kDa transmembrane epithelial glycoprotein, identified as epithelial specific antigen (ESA), or epithelial cellular adhesion molecule (Ep-CAM). It is expressed on baso-lateral cell surface in most simple epithelia and a vast majority of carcinomas with the exception of adult squamous epithelium, hepatocytes and gastric epithelial cells. This antibody has been used to distinguish adenocarcinoma from pleural mesothelioma and hepatocellular carcinoma.
It is also useful in distinguishing serous carcinomas of the ovary from mesothelioma. It has been reported that this epithelial antigen plays an important role as a tumor-cell marker in lymph nodes from patients with esophageal carcinoma otherwise classified as node-negative. Epithelial antigen has also been suggested as a discriminator between basal cell and baso-squamous carcinomas, and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.
ERG
Clone: EP111
Description
ERG belongs to the ETS family that plays important roles in cell development, differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis and tissue remodeling. The aberrant expression of several ETS proteins is involved in tumor development and progression.
ERG is linked to normal processes such as mesoderm formation. TMPRSS2-ERG fusion, which occurs on account of translocations and interstitial deletions, is implicated in aggressive forms of prostate cancer.
ERG antibody overexpression is associated with aggressive tumor behavior and patient survival in prostate cancer. ERG antibody labels endothelial cells, lymphocytes, and prostate cancer cells.
ESA (Epithelial Specific Antigen) / EpCAM
Clone: MOC-31
Description
Anti-MOC-31 reacts with a transmembrane glycoprotein present on most glandular epithelium and tumors originating from such epithelium. This antibody has been used to distinguish adenocarcinoma from mesothelioma and hepatocellular carcinoma. This antibody is also useful in distinguishing serous carcinomas of the ovary from mesothelioma.
Estrogen Receptor (ER)
Clone: SP1
Description
Estrogen or Oestrogen Receptor is a nuclear protein and member of the steroid hormone receptor family. ER possesses both DNA binding and ligand binding domains and exerts a significant role in activating the transcription of certain genes.
Ligand dependent dimerization and phosphorylation both function to regulate the transcriptional activity of ER. ER content of breast cancer tissue is an important parameter in the prediction of prognosis and response to endocrine therapy. This antibody strongly stains the nucleus of epithelial cells in breast carcinomas. The ER is an important regulator of growth and differentiation in the mammary gland.
Factor VIII-Related Antigen
Clone: Polyclonal
Description
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FLI-1
Clone: FLI1/8318R
Description
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Gata-3
Clone: L50-823
Description
Trans-acting T-cell-specific transcription factor, GATA-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GATA3 gene. GATA-3 b regulates luminal epithelial cell differentiation in the mammary gland, is an important regulator of T cell development and plays an important role in endothelial cell biology.
GATA-3 is one of the three genes mutated in >10% of breast cancers. Nuclear expression of GATA-3 in breast cancer is considered a marker of luminal cancer in ER+ cancer and luminal androgen responsive cancer in ER-/AR+ tumors. It is highly coexpressed with FOXA1 and serves as a negative predictor of basal subtype and HER-2 and is also considered a strong predictor of taxane and platinum salts insensitivity.
GATA3 expression is found in urothelial carcinoma, especially in invasive and high grade tumors. Therefore, anti-GATA3 can be used in a panel of antibodies for diagnosis of unknown primary carcinoma, when carcinomas of the breast or bladder are a possibility. Studies have also shown the utility of GATA-3 in differentiating urothelial carcinoma from prostate adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinomas of the uterine, cervix, anus and lung.
GFAP (Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein)
Clone: GA-5
Description
Glial fibrillary acidic protein or GFAP is a Type III protein of the intermediate filaments principally found in astrocytes in the central nervous system, but can also be found in neurons, hepatic stellate cells, kidney mesangial cells, pancreatic stellate cells, and Leydig cells. It has a role in the cytoskeleton of the astrocyte and possibly many other stellate-shaped cells.
Antibodies to GFAP are very useful as markers of astrocytic cells. In addition, many types of brain tumors, presumably derived from astrocytic cells, heavily express GFAP. This marker is mainly used to distinguish neoplasms of astrocytic origin from other neoplasms in the central nervous system.
Glut1
Clone: SPM498
Description
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Glypican-3
Clone: GPC3/1534R
Description
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HCG-Beta
Clone: HCGb/54
Description
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Her2/neu (c-erbB-2)
Clone: SP3
Description
HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2), also known as Neu, ErbB-2, CD340 (cluster of differentiation 340) or p185, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ERBB2 gene.
HER2 is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ErbB) family. The kinase activity of ErbB2 can be activated without ligand if it is overexpressed, and by association with other ErbB proteins. Overexpression of ErbB2 is detected in almost 40% of human breast cancers.
HSA (Hepatocyte Specific Antigen)/Hep-Par1
Clone: OCH1E5
Description
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HSV-I
Clone: rHSVI/1934
Description
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IDH1 R132H
Clone: IHC132
Description
The IDH1 gene on chromosome 2q33.3 encodes for isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), located in the cytoplasm and the peroxisomes. This enzyme catalyzes NADPH production via oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate in the Krebs citric acid cycle. Studies have shown that IDH1 mutation is an early step in gliomagenesis and has been reported to occur in grades II and III astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas (OG), oligoastrocytomas (OA), and secondary GBM.
Mutations involving IDH1 occur in a high proportion of diffuse gliomas, with implications on diagnosis. About 90% involve exon 4 at codon 132, replacing amino acid arginine with histidine (R132H). Preliminary studies comparing Immunohistochemistry (IHC) with IDH1-R132H mutation-specific antibodies have shown concordance with DNA sequencing and no cross-reactivity with wild-type IDH1 or other mutant proteins.
Immunoglobulin IgG
Clone: Rabbit Polyclonal
Description
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INI-1
Clone: SMARC-B1/3984
Description
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INSM1
Clone: A8
Description
Insulinoma-associated protein 1 (INSM1) is a developmentally regulated zinc-finger transcription factor. It localizes to the nucleus and is expressed in embryonic issues undergoing neuroendocrine differentiation. INSM1 is not expressed in normal adult tissues but can be found highly expressed in neuroendocrine tumors. INSM1 is positive in 95% of lung small cell carcinoma and 91% of lung large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, compared with 75% and 78% with the combined panel of traditional neuroendocrine markers (synaptophysin, chromogranin, and CD56).
INSM1 stains 100% of the atypical carcinoids, typical carcinoids and paragangliomas, but only 3% of adenocarcinomas and 4% of squamous cell carcinomas. Therefore, INSM1 is sensitive and specific to be a single first-line pan-neuroendocrine marker.
Kappa Light Chain
Clone: POLYCLONAL
Description
Kappa detects surface immunoglobulin on normal and neoplastic B-cells. In paraffin-embedded tissue, Kappa exhibits strong staining of kappa-positive plasma cells and cells that have absorbed exogenous immunoglobulin. When studying B-cell neoplasms, the determination of light-chain ratios remains the centerpiece. This is sound reasoning because most B-cell Lymphomas express either Kappa or Lambda light chains, whereas reactive proliferations display a mixture of Kappa and Lambda-positive cells. If only a single light-chain type is detected, a lympho-proliferative disorder is very likely.
Monoclonality is determined by a Kappa-Lambda ratio greater than or equal to 3:1, a Lambda-Kappa ratio greater than or equal to 2:1, or a monoclonal population of 75% or more of the total population. In IgG-dominant immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis, there are multiple pathological findings that strongly suggest the diagnosis of Lupus Nephritis including immunofluorescence staining for IgG, IgM, IgA, Kappa or Lambda, C3 and C1.
Ki67
Clone: MIB-1
Description
The Ki-67 protein is a nuclear protein doublet, 345-395 kDa, playing a pivotal role in maintaining cell proliferation. In diagnostic histopathology and cell biology, the antibody has proven valuable for the demonstration of the Ki-67 antigen in normal and neoplastic cells, for example in soft-tissue sarcoma, prostatic adenocarcinoma, and breast carcinoma.
The Ki-67 has been confirmed as a very powerful single prognostic factor for overall survival, with highly proliferative cases showing a much poorer outcome than tumors with low proliferation. In breast cancer, the proliferative index measured by Ki-67 immunoreactivity has both prognostic and predictive value.
Lambda Light Chain
Clone: POLYCLONAL
Description
Lambda detects surface immunoglobulin on normal and neoplastic B-cells. Lambda staining is seen in B-cell follicles of human lymphoid tissue. When studying B-cell neoplasms, the determination of light chain ratios remains the centerpiece. This is sound reasoning because most B-cell Lymphomas express either kappa or lambda light chains, whereas reactive proliferations display a mixture of kappa and lambda-positive cells. If only a single light-chain type is detected, a lymphoproliferative disorder is very likely.
Monoclonality is determined by a kappa-lambda ratio greater than or equal to 3:1, a lambda-kappa ratio greater than or equal to 2:1, or a monoclonal population of 75% or more of the total population. In IgG-dominant immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis, there are multiple pathological findings that strongly suggest the diagnosis of Lupus Nephritis including immunofluorescence staining for IgG, IgM, IgA, Kappa or Lambda, C3 and C1.
Langerin/CD207
Clone: LGRN/7541
Description
Langerhans cells (LCs) are a subset of immature dendritic cells (DCs) that specifically localize in the epidermis and other mucosal epithelia. Epidermal LCs possess strong immuno-stimulatory capacity and play a central role in the initiation and regulation of immune responses.
Langerin (CD207) is a Ca2+-dependent, C-type lectin domain containing, type II transmembrane protein that induces epidermal LCs to differentiate into Birbeck granules (BG). BGs are organelles with superimposing and zippering membranes that influence proper class I type antigen presentation to the circulating T cells. Human spleen, lymph node, thymus, liver, lung and heart express Langerin protein.
MUC6/mucin6
Clone: MUC6/7069R
Description
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MUM1
Clone: MUM1/8560
Description
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Myeloperoxidase (MPO)
Clone: POLYCLONAL
Description
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a peroxidase enzyme most abundantly present in neutrophil granulocytes. It is a lysosomal protein stored in azurophilic granules of the neutrophil. MPO has a heme pigment, which causes its green color in secretions rich in neutrophils, such as pus and some forms of mucus. Historically, immunohistochemical staining for myeloperoxidase was used in the diagnosis of Acute Myeloid Leukemia to demonstrate that the leukemic cells were derived from the myeloid lineage. Myeloperoxidase staining is still important in the diagnosis of Extramedullary Leukemia or Chloroma.
Myeloperoxidase antibody detects granulocytes and monocytes in blood and precursors of granulocytes in the bone marrow. This antibody can detect myeloid cell populations of the bone marrow as well as in other sites.
MyoD1
Clone: EP212
Description
Myo D1 belongs to a family of proteins known as myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) and has a key role in regulating muscle differentiation. These bHLH (basic helix loop helix) transcription factors act sequentially in myogenic differentiation. MyoD1 is expressed in activated satellite cells, but not in quiescent satellite cells.
In development, MyoD1 commitsmesoderm cells to a skeletal lineage, and then regulates that process. Itmay also play a role in muscle repair.
Myogenin
Clone: F5D
Description
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Myogenin
Clone: EP162
Description
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Myoglobin
Clone: EP87
Description
The activation peptides of aspartic proteinases play a role as inhibitors of the active site. These peptide segments, or pro-parts, are deemed important for correct folding, targeting, and control of the activation of aspartic proteinase zymogens.
The pro napsin A gene is expressed predominantly in lung and kidney. Its translation product is predicted to be a fully functional glycosylated aspartic proteinase precursor containing an RGD motif and an addition 18 residues at its C-terminus.
NKX3.1
Clone: EP356
Description
Homeobox protein NKX3.1, also known as BAPX2 and NKX3A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NKX3.1 gene located on chromosome 8p. NKX3.1 is a prostatic tumor suppressor gene, which is an androgen-regulated, prostate-specific homeobox gene whose expression is predominantly localized in the prostate epithelium. It is a negative regulator of epithelial cell growth in prostate tissue. Loss of NKX3A protein expression is a common finding in human prostate carcinomas and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. NKX3-1 expression is seen in prostate epithelium, testis, ureter, and pulmonary bronchial mucous glands. NKX3-1 has been established as a marker for identifying metastatic tumors.
In a study the sensitivity for identifying metastatic Prostatic Adenocarcinomas was 98.6% for NKX3.1, 94.2% for PSA and 98.6% for PSAP and specificity of 99.7% for NKX3.1. NKX3.1-positive prostate carcinoma cells exhibit nuclear staining. Additionally, most cases of Urothelial Carcinoma have been found to be negative for NKX3.1 and may be helpful to distinguish between high grade Prostate Adenocarcinoma and high grade Infiltrating Urothelial Carcinoma. NKX3.1 has also been found to be expressed in Invasive Ductal Carcinomas (IDC) and Invasive Lobular Carcinomas (ILC) of the breast. NKX3.1 expression is limited to ER, PR, and AR positive carcinomas and is more frequently expressed in ILC than IDC. NKX3.1 has a high specificity and sensitivity for prostate adenocarcinomas and can be used to help distinguish between Prostate Carcinoma and Urothelial Carcinomas.
Napsin A
Clone: EP205
Description
The activation peptides of aspartic proteinases play a role as inhibitors of the active site. These peptide segments, or pro-parts, are deemed important for correct folding, targeting, and control of the activation of aspartic proteinase zymogens.
The pro napsin A gene is expressed predominantly in lung and kidney. Its translation product is predicted to be a fully functional glycosylated aspartic proteinase precursor containing an RGD motif and an addition 18 residues at its C-terminus.
Oct2
Clone: EP115
Description
Octamer transcription factor-2 (OCT-2) possesses a leucine zipper domain and belongs to the POU family of transcription factors. It binds to the octamer motif (5-ATTTCAT-3), activates immunoglobulin gene expression and regulates transcription in a number of tissues. OCT-2 is important for the expression of B cell specific genes, such as CD20 and CRISP-3. OCT-2 antibody is expressed in mature B cells, predominantly germinal center B cells.
The OCT-2 antibody labels various B cell lymphomas with strong expression in germinal center-derived lymphomas.
Oct3/4
Clone: C-10
Description
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P16-INK4
Clone: G175-405
Description
p16INK4a is a tumor suppressor protein. It is a specific inhibitor of cdk4/cdk6, and a tumor suppressor involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of malignancies. Recent analyses of the p16INK4a gene revealed homozygous deletions, nonsense, missense, or frameshift mutations in several human cancers.
Although the frequency of p16INK4a abnormalities is higher in tumor-derived cell lines than in unselected primary tumors, significant subsets of clinical cases with aberrant p16INK4a gene have been reported among melanomas, gliomas, esophageal, pancreatic, lung, and urinary bladder carcinomas, and some types of leukemia.
P40
Clone: ZR8
Description
P40 is a squamous cell carcinoma ‘specific’ antibody. It reacts with the vast majority of cases of squamous cell carcinomas of various origins, but not with adenocarcinomas. It is particularly useful in differentiating lung squamous cell carcinoma from lung poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma.
P40 antibody can also be used as an alternative basal cell/myoepithelial cell marker, which has similar sensitivity and specificity as that of p63 antibody. Therefore, p40 antibody may also be used as an alternative immunohistochemical marker for determining prostate adenocarcinoma vs. benign prostate glands and for determining breast intraductal carcinoma vs. invasive breast ductal carcinoma.
P53
Clone: DO7
Description
P53 is a tumor suppressor gene expressed in a wide variety of tissue types and is involved in regulating cell growth, replication, and apoptosis. It binds to mdm2, SV40 T antigen and human papilloma virus E6 protein P53 senses DNA damage and possibly facilitating repair.
Mutation involving P53 is found in a wide variety of malignant tumors, including breast, ovarian, bladder, colon, lung, and melanoma.
P63
Clone: 4A4
Description
P63 is a homolog of the tumor suppressor p53. It is identified in basal cells in the epithelial layers of a variety of tissues, including epidermis, cervix, urothelium, breast and prostate.
P63 was detected in nuclei of the basal epithelium in normal prostate glands; however, it was not expressed in malignant tumors of the prostate. As a result, p63 has been reported as a useful marker for differentiating benign from malignant lesions in the prostate, particularly when used in combination with markers of high molecular weight cytokeratins and the prostate-specific marker AMACR (P504S).
P63 antibody to human p63 protein labels an epitope common to all six p63 isotypes (TAp63α, TAp63β, TAp63γ, ΔNp63α, ΔNp63β, ΔNp63γ). p63 labels the nuclei of myoepithelial cells in the prostate gland as well as breast tissue, making it useful in differentiating benign vs. malignant prostate lesions and breast lesions.
Pax-5
Clone: PAX5/3735
Description
The specificity of this monoclonal antibody to its intended target was validated using the HuProt™ Array, which contains over 21,000 full-length human proteins. The PAX5 gene is part of the paired box (PAX) family of transcription factors. This gene family is characterized by a unique and highly conserved DNA-binding domain known as the paired box. PAX proteins are crucial regulators in early development, and changes in their gene expression are believed to contribute to neoplastic transformation.
The PAX5 gene encodes the B-cell lineage-specific activator protein (BSAP), which is expressed in the early stages of B-cell differentiation, but not in later stages. Additionally, PAX5 expression has been observed in the developing central nervous system (CNS) and testis. Therefore, the PAX5 gene product may play a significant role not only in B-cell differentiation but also in neural development and spermatogenesis.
Pax-8
Clone: MRQ-50
Description
PAX8 is a 62kDa protein belonging to the paired box (PAX) family of transcription factors. This nuclear protein plays a crucial role in the development of thyroid follicular cells and regulates the expression of thyroid-specific genes. Mutations in the PAX8 gene are linked to thyroid dysgenesis, thyroid follicular carcinomas, and atypical thyroid adenomas.
PAX8 is expressed in the thyroid and its carcinomas, as well as in the non-ciliated mucosal cells of the fallopian tubes and simple ovarian inclusion cysts. However, it is not expressed in normal ovarian surface epithelial cells. A high percentage of ovarian serous, endometrioid, and clear cell carcinomas show PAX8 expression, while primary ovarian mucinous adenocarcinomas rarely do. PAX8 expression is also observed in renal tubules, renal cell carcinoma, nephroblastoma, and seminoma. Thus, PAX8 antibodies can be used as an additional immunohistochemical marker for identifying renal epithelial tumors.
PD-L1
Clone: NAT105
Description
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PLAP / Alkaline Phosphatase
Clone: PL8-F6
Description
This antibody targets a 70kDa membrane-bound isozyme (Regan and Nagao type) of placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), which appears in the placenta during the third trimester. It is highly specific to PLAP and does not cross-react with other alkaline phosphatase isozymes. Anti-PLAP antibody is reactive with germ cell tumors, helping to differentiate them from other types of neoplasms. Additionally, some somatic tumors, such as breast, gastrointestinal, prostate, and urinary cancers, may also show immunoreactivity with anti-PLAP.
Positive staining for anti-PLAP combined with negative anti-keratin staining supports a diagnosis of seminoma rather than carcinoma. While germ cell tumors are generally positive for anti-keratin, they often do not stain with anti-EMA (epithelial membrane antigen), unlike most carcinomas, which are anti-EMA positive. Anti-PLAP is also valuable in diagnosing gestational trophoblastic disease..
PMS2
Clone: EP51
Description
PMS2 is a gene that encodes for DNA repair proteins involved in mismatch repair. Carriers of the mismatch repair gene mutations have a high lifetime risk of developing Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colon Cancer (HNPCC) and several other cancers including endometrial cancer due to microsatellite instability (MSI) caused by accumulation of DNA replication errors in proliferating cells.
Along with MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6, PMS2 is helpful in diagnosing MSI. Tumors with low-level MSI show unfavorable pathological characteristics compared to tumors with none and tumors with high-level MSI.
Podoplanin
Clone: D2-40
Description
Podoplanin is a transmembrane mucoprotein (38 kDa) recognized by the D2-40 monoclonal antibody. Podoplanin is specifically expressed in the endothelium of lymphatic capillaries but not in the blood vasculature. In normal skin and kidney, podoplanin is co-localized with VEGFR3/FLT4, another marker for lymphatic endothelial cells.
Podoplanin is selectively expressed in lymphatic endothelium as well as Lymphangiomas, Kaposi’s Sarcomas and in subset Angiosarcomas with probable lymphatic differentiation. Podoplanin has also been shown to be expressed in Epithelioid Mesotheliomas, Hemangioblastomas and Seminomas.
Progesterone Receptor (PR)
Clone: SP2
Description
The progesterone receptor (PgR) is an estrogen-regulated protein. It has been proposed that expression of PgR determination indicates responsive estrogen receptor (ER) pathway, and therefore, may predict likely response to endocrine therapy in human breast cancer.
A number of studies have shown that PgR determination provides supplementary information to ER, both in predicting response to endocrine therapy and estimating survival. PgR has proved superior to ER as a prognostic indicator in some studies.
PTEN
Clone: PTEN/9356
Description
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RCC (Renal Cell Carcinoma)
Clone: 66.4.C2
Description
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S100B
Clone: S100B/1012
Description
S100B protein is part of the S100 family of proteins, which are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a wide range of cells, and involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation.
S100B is a calcium binding peptide. S100B has been implicated in having many functions including neurite expansion, proliferation of melanoma cells, inhibition of protein kinase c-mediated phosphorylation, astrocytosis, axonal proliferation, inhibition of microtubule assembly and stimulation of Calcium ion fluxes.
S100B is also associated with neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease or other chronic neurological diseases. Apart from glial cell expression, S100B is also expressed in melanocytes, and can be used as a diagnostic tool for malignant melanoma.
SALL4
Clone: 6E3
Description
Sal-like protein 4 (SALL4) is a transcription factor encoded by a member of the Spalt-like (SALL) gene family, SALL4. There are four human SALL proteins (SALL1, 2, 3, and 4) with structural homology and playing diverse roles in embryonic development, kidney function, and cancer.
SALL4 antibody expression is low to undetectable in most adult tissues with the exception of germ cells and human blood progenitor cells. In normal testicular tissue, positive, weak SALL4 staining is observed in spermatogonia. In addition, a few (less than 5%) primary spermatocytes show dot-like weak SALL4 staining. Secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa, and Sertoli cells are negative for anti-SALL4. Leydig cells, rete testis, epididymis, spermatic cord fibroblasts, blood vessels, and hematopoietic cells are negative for SALL4.
SATB2
Clone: EP281
Description
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SMAD4
Clone: SMAD4/6310
Description
Signaling from ligand-activated membrane receptor serine/threonine kinases to nuclear targets is mediated by a group of evolutionarily conserved proteins, including DPC4. When ligands bind to receptors of the TGF-β family, they phosphorylate SMAD proteins, specifically SMAD1 and SMAD2. These phosphorylated SMAD proteins then translocate to the nucleus, where they promote transcription. To fulfill this function, receptor-activated SMAD1 and SMAD2 require interaction with the product of deleted in pancreatic carcinoma, locus 4 (DPC4), also known as SMAD4. SMAD4/DPC4 functions as a tumor suppressor, as it is inactivated in over half of pancreatic carcinomas and, to a lesser extent, in other cancers.
SMAD4 expression is lost in approximately 80% of pancreatic adenocarcinoma cases but is infrequently absent in other cancers, such as endometrial (0%), colorectal (0%), ovarian (3%), lung (0%), breast (2%) adenocarcinomas, and malignant melanoma (4%). SMAD4 serves as a key marker in confirming the diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
SOX10
Clone: EP268
Description
The SOX10 protein belongs to the SOX genes family of transcription factors that bind to the minor groove in DNA. They are characterized by a homologous sequence called the HMG-box.
SOX10 is known to be involved in regulation of embryonic development and determination of cell fate. It combines with other proteins to form complexes and acts as a transcriptional activator. It is very important for neural crest and peripheral nervous system development.
SOX10 plays an important role in melanocytic cell differentiation. It can be used as a sensitive marker for melanoma.
SOX11
Clone: SOX11/7236
Description
Recognizes a protein of approximately 47kDa, identified as SOX11. This monoclonal antibody (MAb) is highly specific and does not cross-react with other members of the SOX family. Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) accounts for 5% to 10% of mature B-cell neoplasms and is an aggressive disease genetically characterized by overexpression of Cyclin D1.
Cyclin D1 overexpression is the hallmark of MCL. However, approximately 5% to 10% of MCLs lack Cyclin D1 expression and may be misdiagnosed. Almost all Cyclin D1-positive as well as Cyclin D1-negative MCL show overexpression of SOX11. The detection of this transcription factor is a useful biomarker for identifying true Cyclin D1-negative MCL..
SS18-SSX
Clone: RBT-SS18-SSX
Description
Expression of SS18-SSX fusion protein is the hallmark of Synovial Sarcoma, a type of soft tissue sarcoma that accounts for 5-10% of all soft tissue sarcoma. SS18-SSX is a fusion oncoprotein created during chromosome translocation in which the SS18 gene on chromosome 18 is fused to the SSX1, SSX2, or SSX4 gene on the X chromosome. In normal cells, SS18 subunit and BAF47 subunit bind to the BAF (mSWI/SNF) complex which produces polycomb-mediated repression of SOX-2 and cessation of proliferation.
SS18-SSX fusion renders the BAF chromatin remodeling complex aberrant through the addition of SSX to the SS18 subunit and the loss of the BAF47 subunit from the BAF (mSWI/SNF) complex. The altered complexes reverse the polycomb-mediated repression and result in the activation of SOX-2 and uncontrolled proliferation. Diagnosis of Synovial Sarcoma can be challenging due to histologic overlap with a range of other tumors, therefore, IHC is routinely used in differential diagnosis.
SSTR2 (Somatostatin Receptor 2a)
Clone: SSTR2/7532
Description
SSTRs (for somatostatin receptors) represent a family of G protein-coupled receptors which mediate the diverse biological actions of somatostatin (SST). There are five distinct subtypes of SSTRs that bind two natural ligands, SST-14 and SST-28. SSTR2 gives rise to spliced variants, SSTR2A and 2B. SSTRs share common signaling pathways such as the ability to inhibit adenylyl cyclase via GTP binding proteins.
Some of the subtypes are also coupled to tyrosine phosphatase (SSTR1,2), Ca2+ channels (SSTR2), Na+/H+ exchanger (SSTR1), PLA-2 (SSTR4), and MAP kinase (SSTR4). Individual target cells typically express more than one SSTR subtype and often all five isoforms. Subtypes of SSTR can form functional homo- and heterodimers.
STAT6
Clone: D1
Description
STAT6 is a transcription factor in the Jak/STAT signal transduction pathway responsible for mediating IL-4 immune signaling. STAT6 was recently suggested to be a reliable marker to distinguish solitary fibrous tumors from other soft tissue neoplasms. Gene fusions are common in solitary fibrous tumors.
By immunohistochemistry, nuclear STAT6 expression can discriminate solitary fibrous tumors from its morphological mimics in the meninges, including meningioma, glioblastoma, gliosarcoma, haemangioblastoma, schwannoma and haemangioma.
Synaptophysin
Clone: EP158
Description
Synaptophysin, a 38 kD glycoprotein, is the major integral membrane protein of synaptic vesicles. It consists of four transmembrane domains.
This protein is present in almost all neurons and neuroendocrine cells throughout the body. This antibody may be useful for the identification of tumors with neural and neuroendocrine differentiation.
TdT (Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase)
Clone: EP266
Description
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TdT), also known as terminal transferase, is a unique DNA polymerase expressed in immature lymphoid cells, specifically pre-B and pre-T cells, as well as in cells affected by acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma. Unlike most DNA polymerases, TdT does not require a template to function. It catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of a DNA strand, with a preference for a protruding 3' overhang. However, it is also capable of adding nucleotides to blunt or recessed 3' ends.
TdT is typically found in cortical thymocytes and primitive lymphocytes. The TdT antibody detects the enzyme's antigen located in the nucleus of normal hematopoietic cells and cortical thymocytes, as well as in the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. TdT expression is observed in over 90% of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases, except for pre-B-cell ALL and in mature T- or B-lymphocytes. Additionally, TdT is positive in approximately one-third of all chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cases, serving as a useful marker for predicting a better response to chemotherapy.
TFE3
Clone: TFE3/8663R
Description
Transcription factor E3 (TFE3) belongs to the basic helix-loophelix zipper transcription factor family. The TFE3 gene, located on the short arm of the X chromosome, is expressed in various cells of the human body and plays a role in the regulation of numerous genes.
Rearrangement of this gene is associated with various tumors and is highly expressed in conditions such as acinar soft tissue sarcoma with TFE3 fusion gene, Xp11.2 translocation/TFE3 gene fusionrelated renal cell carcinoma, and perivascular epithelioid cell tumors.
Thyroglobulin
Clone: 2H11+6E1
Description
Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a 660 kDa dimeric protein synthesized and utilized exclusively by the thyroid gland. It serves as a precursor in the production of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Triiodothyronine, the biologically active form of thyroxine, is generated within the thyroid gland and also in peripheral tissues through the action of 5’-deiodinase, also known as Tetraiodothyronine-5-deiodinase.
Thyroglobulin antibodies specifically bind to human thyroglobulin, as evidenced by a distinct band in immunoblotting assays of human thyroid tissue lysates. Most follicular carcinomas of the thyroid show positive immunoreactivity for thyroglobulin, albeit sometimes only in localized areas. In contrast, poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas are often thyroglobulin-negative. Adenocarcinomas originating outside the thyroid gland do not react with this antibody.
TLE-1
Clone: 1F6
Description
Key players in the Notch pathway include the TLE genes, which are human homologs of the Drosophila Groucho gene. Groucho functions as a transcriptional repressor and is crucial in processes such as neurogenesis, segmentation, and sex determination.
The Transducin-like enhancer protein 1 (TLE1), encoded by the TLE1 gene, plays a significant role in the regulation of hematopoiesis, neuronal development, and terminal epithelial differentiation. Further more, positive nuclear staining for TLE1 using immunohistochemistry (IHC) has proven to be a valuable tool in distinguishing synovial sarcoma from other soft tissue malignancies.
TNF-ALPHA
Clone: TNF/1500R
Description
TRPS1
Clone: EP392
Description
The trichorhinophalangeal syndrome 1 (TRPS-1) gene belongs to the GATA transcription factor family and has been identified as highly prevalent in breast cancer, being expressed in over 90% of both estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)+ and ERα− breast cancer subtypes.Currently, the GATA3 tumor marker is commonly used to identify the breast origin in ER-positive and low-grade breast cancer. However, its sensitivity is less than 20% in metaplastic breast carcinoma, such as Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC). In contrast, TRPS1 and GATA3 show comparable positive expression in ER-positive (98% vs. 95%) and HER2-positive (87% vs. 88%) breast carcinomas. However, TRPS1 exhibits higher expression than GATA3 in metaplastic (86% vs. 21%) and nonmetaplastic (86% vs. 51%) TNBC cases.
Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) indicate that TRPS1 is a specific gene for breast carcinoma among 31 solid tumor types, including all four subtypes of breast carcinoma: ER/PR-positive luminal A and B types, HER2-positive type, and basal-type/TNBC. TRPS1 shows little to no expression in lung, pancreatic, colon, gastric adenocarcinomas, urothelial, renal, or ovarian carcinomas, or melanoma. Therefore, TRPS1 can be concluded to be a sensitive and specific marker for breast cancer, particularly for TNBC.
TTF-1 (Thyroid Transcription Factor 1)
Clone: 8G7G3/1
Description
Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) is a protein that regulates transcription of genes specific to the thyroid, lung and diencephalon. It is also known as thyroid-specific enhancer binding protein and NKX-2. It is used as a marker to determine if a tumor originates in the lung or thyroid. TTF-1 positive cells are found in Type II pneumocytes and Clara cells in the lung. In the thyroid, follicular and parafollicular cells are positive.
TTF-1 is useful in differentiating primary Adenocarcinoma of the Lung from Metastatic Carcinomas of the breast and Malignant Mesothelioma. It can also be used to differentiate Small- Cell Lung Carcinoma from lymphoid infiltrates. For lung cancers, Adenocarcinomas are usually positive, while Squamous Cell Carcinomas and Large Cell Carcinomas are rarely positive. Small-Cell Carcinomas (of any primary site) are usually positive.
Uroplakin-III
Clone: UPK3B/8768R
Description
Vimentin
Clone: V9
Description
Vimentin is a member of the intermediate filament family of proteins. Intermediate filaments are an important structural feature of eukaryotic cells. Together with microtubules and actin microfilaments, they make up the cytoskeleton. Expression of vimentin, when used in conjunction with keratin, is helpful in distinguishing melanomas from Undifferentiated Carcinomas and Large-Cell Lymphomas. All Melanomas and Schwannomas react strongly with vimentin. This antibody recognizes a 57 kDa intermediate filament.
It labels a variety of mesenchymal cells, including melanocytes, lymphcells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Non-reactivity of vimentin antibody is often considered more useful than its presence, since there are a few tumors that do not contain vimentin (e.g., Hepatoma and Seminoma).
Wilm's Tumor (WT1)
Clone: 6F-H2
Description
Wilms Tumor 1 (WT1) serves as a pivotal transcription factor crucial for cellular development and survival. This gene encodes a tumor suppressor, whose inactivation has been linked to Wilms’ tumor, implicating its involvement in WNT signaling by enhancing cytoplasmic beta-catenin (CTNNB1) degradation. Particularly expressed in mesenchymal-derived cells and Wilms’ tumor, WT1 holds significance as a diagnostic marker for identifying malignant mesothelioma.
A comprehensive literature review of 88 published papers revealed the utility of WT1 antibodies in identifying epithelioid mesothelioma, demonstrating a sensitivity of 77% and specificity of 96%. Beyond mesothelioma, WT1 immunoreactivity extends to various malignancies, including peritoneal serous carcinoma, breast, ovarian, and leukemia. In hepatocellular carcinoma, WT1 expression correlates with chemotherapy responsiveness, highlighting its prognostic value.